World Civ Qtr Final

Prehistory

Time before writing existed.

Stone Age

Period when humans used stone tools.

Paleolithic Era

Old Stone Age; humans hunted and gathered.

Hunter-Gatherers

People who hunt animals and gather plants.

Nomads

People who move from place to place.

Ice Age

Period when much of Earth was covered in ice.

Animism

Belief that nature has spirits.

Domestication

Controlling plants and animals for human use.

Agriculture

Farming crops and raising animals.

Catal Huyuk

Early settlement in present-day Turkey.

Otzi the Ice Man

Body preserved in ice for 5,300 years.

Irrigation

Bringing water to crops.

Food Surplus

More food than needed.

Job Specialization

People having different jobs.

Uruk

One of the oldest known cities.

Barter System

Trading goods without money.

Civilization

Organized society with cities and government.

Cultural Diffusion

Spread of ideas and customs.

Royal Road

1,500-mile road connecting major cities.

Water

Important resource for early civilizations.

Food Surplus

Extra food that supports larger populations.

Job Specialization

Different people performing different jobs.

Minoans

Sea traders who lived on Crete.

Mycenaeans

Warlike Greeks from the mainland.

Polis

Greek city-state.

Acropolis

High area with temples.

Agora

Marketplace in a Greek city.

Sparta

Greek city-state focused on military strength.

Helots

State slaves controlled by Sparta.

Hoplites

Greek foot soldiers.

Greek Government

Democracy

Government run by the people.

Cleisthenes

Divided Athens into 10 tribes.

Council of 500

Council with 50 men from each tribe.

City Assembly

Group where citizens participated in government.

Monarchy

Government ruled by a king.

Persian Wars

Wars between Greece and Persia.

Marathon

Greek victory over Persia in 490 BC.

Phalanx

Soldiers fighting in a tight formation with shields and spears.

Thermopylae

Battle where 300 Spartans delayed the Persian army.

Salamis

Greek naval victory over Persia.

Peloponnesian War

War between Athens and Sparta; Sparta won in 404 BC.

Delian League

Alliance led by Athens.

Macedonia

Kingdom that took control of Greece.

Socrates

Philosopher known for questioning ideas.

Socratic Method

Asking questions to test arguments.

Plato

Student of Socrates who studied government.

The Academy

School founded by Plato.

Aristotle

Philosopher who studied logic and reason.

Reason

Making observations about what you know.

Logic

Using information to reach conclusions.

Pericles

Important Athenian leader.

Philip II

King who conquered much of Greece.

Alexander the Great

Conqueror who expanded his empire.

Golden Age

Period when Athens prospered.

Hellenistic

Blending of Greek and other cultures.

Greek Religion & Culture

Zeus

God of the sky.

Poseidon

God of the sea.

Hades

God of the underworld.

Athena

Goddess of wisdom.

Aphrodite

Goddess of love.

Iliad

Story about the Trojan War.

Odyssey

Story of Odysseus's journey home.

Tragedy

Serious drama.

Comedy

Humorous drama that can criticize society.

Cynicism

Philosophy rejecting wealth and pleasure.

Stoicism

Philosophy emphasizing reason and self-control.

Nile River

River that supported Egyptian life.

Delta

Area where a river deposits rich soil.

Cataracts

Rocky stretches of river with rapids.

Black Land

Name for Egypt's fertile soil.

Pharaoh

Egyptian ruler.

Hatshepsut

Female pharaoh who dressed like a man.

Scribe

Person trained to read and write.

Social Structure

Organization of people into social classes.

Ka

Egyptian belief about a person's soul.

Mummification

Preserving a body after death.

Mummy

Preserved body.

Pyramids

Structures built as royal tombs.

Limestone

Stone used to build pyramids.

Rosetta Stone

Stone with writing in three languages that helped people understand hieroglyphics.

Hieroglyphics

Egyptian picture-based writing.

Demotic

Written language found on the Rosetta Stone.

Inca Empire

Empire that grew in South America during the 1400s.

Mita

Labor tax requiring people to work for the government.

Quipu

Knotted cords used to keep records.

Ayllu

Community group organized under a local chief.

Polytheism

Belief in many gods.

Sun God

Most important Inca god.

Warehouses

Places where the government stored extra supplies.

Textiles

Woven materials used to make clothing.

Maya

Civilization that developed in Mesoamerica.

City-State

City with its own government.

Slash-and-Burn Farming

Clearing land by cutting and burning plants.

Trade

Exchange of goods.

Glyphs

Symbols representing objects or sounds.

Zero

Number used in the Maya number system.

Maya Calendar

Calendars used to plan farming and ceremonies.

Blood Offerings

Religious rituals involving blood.