ANATOMY BM1

Median (midsagittal) plane

What anatomical plane divides the body into equal right and left halves?

Coronal (frontal) plane

What plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions?

Flexion

What movement decreases the angle between two bones?

Extension

What movement increases the angle between two bones?

Inversion

What movement turns the sole medially?

Eversion

What movement turns the sole laterally?

Anatomical position

What is the standard reference position of the body?

Typical Cervical vertebrae

What vertebrae are characterized by transverse foramina, bifid spinous processes, and large triangular vertebral foramina?

Atlas (C1)

Which vertebra lacks a body and spinous process and supports the skull?

Axis (C2)

Which vertebra has the dens and permits rotation of the atlas?

Dens

What structure of C2 forms the pivot for rotation of the atlas?

Thoracic cage

What skeletal structure protects the thoracic organs and assists respiration?

True ribs

Which ribs attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilage?

False ribs

Which ribs do not attach directly to the sternum through their own costal cartilage?

Floating ribs

Which ribs have no anterior attachment to the sternum or costal arch?

Sternal angle

What landmark is formed by the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum?

T4/T5 intervertebral disc

At what vertebral level is the sternal angle located?

Second rib

Which rib articulates with the sternum at the sternal angle?

Costal groove

What groove on the inferior internal surface of a rib contains the intercostal neurovascular bundle?

Intercostal neurovascular bundle

What structures run together in the costal groove?

VAN

What is the superior-to-inferior arrangement of the main intercostal neurovascular bundle?

Thoracentesis above the rib

Where should a needle be inserted during thoracentesis to minimize injury to the main intercostal neurovascular bundle?

Pneumothorax

What condition occurs when air enters the pleural cavity and causes lung collapse?

Vertebral column

What structure supports the trunk and protects the spinal cord?

Normal vertebral curvatures

What are the normal cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral curvatures?

Intervertebral disc

What structure lies between adjacent vertebral bodies and absorbs shock?

Nucleus pulposus

What gelatinous central portion of an intervertebral disc acts as a shock absorber?

Annulus fibrosus

What fibrous outer portion surrounds the nucleus pulposus?

L5 nerve root

Which nerve root is commonly compressed by a posterolateral L4–L5 disc herniation?

Posterolateral disc herniation

What is the most common direction of intervertebral disc herniation?

Pectoral girdle

What skeletal structure connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton?

Clavicle and scapula

What bones form the pectoral girdle?

Femur

What is the longest and strongest bone in the human body?

Tibia

Which leg bone transmits most body weight from the femur to the ankle?

Fibula

Which bone forms the lateral side of the leg and bears relatively little body weight?

Patella

What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?

Scaphoid

Which carpal bone is most commonly fractured?

Scaphoid fracture

What fracture should be suspected after a fall on an outstretched hand with anatomical snuffbox tenderness?

Avascular necrosis

What serious complication can occur after a scaphoid fracture because of its vulnerable blood supply?

Radial artery

Which artery passes through the anatomical snuffbox?

Pterion

What skull landmark is formed by the junction of the frontal, parietal, temporal, and sphenoid bones?

Middle meningeal artery

Which artery lies deep to the pterion and may be torn after a blow to this region?

Epidural hematoma

What type of intracranial hemorrhage can result from rupture of the middle meningeal artery?

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Which cranial nerve provides most cutaneous sensation of the face?

Facial nerve (CN VII)

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

Superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm

Which cutaneous nerve supplies sensation over the lateral shoulder?

Medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve

Which cutaneous nerve supplies most of the medial forearm?

Lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve

Which cutaneous nerve supplies most of the lateral forearm?

Intercostobrachial nerve

Which nerve supplies cutaneous sensation to the axilla and medial upper arm?

Superficial radial nerve

Which nerve supplies cutaneous sensation over much of the dorsolateral hand?

Median nerve

Which nerve supplies palmar sensation to the lateral 3½ digits?

Ulnar nerve

Which nerve supplies palmar sensation to the medial 1½ digits?

Cephalic vein

What major superficial vein ascends along the lateral side of the upper limb?

Basilic vein

What major superficial vein ascends along the medial side of the upper limb?

Median cubital vein

Which superficial vein commonly connects the cephalic and basilic veins in the cubital fossa?

Venipuncture

Which superficial vein is commonly used for venipuncture because of its accessibility?

Axillary vein

What major vein receives the cephalic vein at the deltopectoral groove?

Pectoralis major

What large anterior thoracic muscle primarily adducts and medially rotates the arm?

Medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Which nerves innervate pectoralis major?

Medial pectoral nerve

Which pectoral nerve commonly pierces pectoralis minor?

Serratus anterior

Which muscle protracts the scapula and assists upward rotation?

Long thoracic nerve

Which nerve innervates serratus anterior?

Medial scapular winging

What clinical finding results from paralysis of serratus anterior?

Long thoracic nerve injury

Which nerve injury can cause medial winging of the scapula after axillary surgery?

Subclavius

Which muscle anchors and depresses the clavicle?

Axillary walls

What muscles form the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral walls of the axilla?

Brachial plexus

What nerve plexus supplies most of the upper limb?

C5–T1

What spinal nerve roots form the brachial plexus?

Superior, middle, and inferior trunks

What three trunks form the brachial plexus?

Lateral, medial, and posterior cords

What three cords form the brachial plexus?

Musculocutaneous nerve

Which terminal branch of the brachial plexus supplies the anterior compartment of the arm?

Median nerve

Which terminal nerve mainly supplies the anterior forearm and lateral hand?

Ulnar nerve

Which terminal nerve supplies most intrinsic hand muscles?

Axillary nerve

Which terminal nerve supplies the deltoid and teres minor?

Radial nerve

Which terminal nerve supplies the posterior arm and forearm?

Erb-Duchenne palsy

What condition results from an upper trunk C5–C6 brachial plexus injury?

Waiter's-tip position

What characteristic upper-limb posture occurs in Erb-Duchenne palsy?

Klumpke palsy

What condition results from a lower trunk C8–T1 brachial plexus injury?

Claw hand

What characteristic hand deformity may result from a lower trunk brachial plexus lesion?

Radial nerve

Which nerve is particularly vulnerable in a midshaft fracture of the humerus?

Wrist drop

What motor deficit commonly results from radial nerve injury?

Ulnar nerve

Which nerve passes posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus?

Ulnar nerve injury

Which nerve injury causes numbness of the little finger after trauma to the medial epicondyle?

Trapezius

Which superficial back muscle elevates, retracts, depresses, and upwardly rotates the scapula?

Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI)

Which nerve provides the principal motor innervation to trapezius?

Dorsal scapular nerve

Which nerve innervates the rhomboid muscles?

Rhomboid muscles

Which muscles retract and downwardly rotate the scapula?

Latissimus dorsi

Which broad back muscle extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm?

Thoracodorsal nerve

Which nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?

Deltoid

Which muscle is the prime mover for arm abduction from approximately 15° to 90°?

Axillary nerve

Which nerve innervates the deltoid?

Supraspinatus

Which muscle initiates abduction of the arm?

Suprascapular nerve

Which nerve innervates supraspinatus?

Axillary nerve injury

What nerve injury may occur with a fracture of the surgical neck of the humerus?

Weak arm abduction

What major motor deficit follows axillary nerve injury?

Quadrangular space

What space transmits the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex humeral artery?

Teres minor, teres major, long head of triceps, surgical neck

What structures bound the quadrangular space?

Triangular space

What space transmits the circumflex scapular artery?

Triangular interval

What space transmits the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery?

Anterior and posterior compartments

What are the two major muscular compartments of the arm?