Organic Compounds and Enzymes

Catalyst

A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed

What is the difference between a catalyst and an enzyme?

Catalysts can be inorganic while enzymes are biological organic catalysts which are made of proteins

What are enzymes made of? What are those bio-molecules made of?

Proteins which are made of amino acids.

Why are enzymes only needed in small quantities?

Enzymes are not consumed or altered during a chemical reaction. They can be reused over and over again to catalyze new reactions.

Substrate

Reactant molecule that an enzyme binds to and acts upon during a chemical reaction.

Intermediary molecule in an enzyme substrate reaction

Enzyme-substrate complex

Lock and key model

The model of the enzyme that shows the substrate fitting perfectly into the active site

Active site

The part of an enzyme or antibody where the chemical reaction occurs. Region on enzyme where substrate binds.

Induced fit model

Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s)

Significance about lock and key model

Foundational scientific concept explaining how enzymes recognize and bind to specific substrates

Catalysis

The acceleration of a chemical reaction by a catalyst

Cofactors

Any nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. Cofactors can be permanently bound to the active site or may bind loosely with the substrate during catalysis. Nonprotein enzyme helpers.

pH

Hydrogen cation concentration

pH Scale

0-7 is acidic

7 is neutral

7-14 is basic

Coenzymes

Organic cofactors

The affect of substrate concentration on enzyme action

Increases reaction rate

The affect of substrate concentration on reaction rate

Increases reaction rate

Saturation

The state or process that occurs when no more of something can be absorbed, combined with, or added.

Competitive inhibition

Substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site

Non-competitive inhibition

The inhibitor binds elsewhere, altering enzyme function.

Functional groups

The components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Hydroxyl group

-OH (alcohol)

Carboxyl group

-COOH (found in organic acids)

Carbonyl group/Aldehyde group

C=O (polar)

Amino group

NH2

Phosphate group

PO4

Methyl group

CH3

Exergonic/Exothermic

Spontaneous, net release of free energy

Endergonic/Endothermic

Spontaneous, energy absorbed

Protein shape determines

Protein function

Levels of protein structure

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Primary structure

The first level of protein structure; the specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain.

Secondary structure

The second level of protein structure; the regular local patterns of coils or folds of a polypeptide chain.

Tertiary structure

The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.

Quaternary structure

The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.

Alpha-helix (α-helix)

A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure.

Beta sheet (β sheet)

Folding pattern found in many proteins in which neighboring regions of the polypeptide chain associate side by side with each other through hydrogen bonds to give a rigid, flattened structure.

Denaturation

Loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor (pH, chemicals, salt)

Triglycerides

An energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

Why is all life based on carbon?

Carbon can form bonds with up to 4 other atoms, and can therefore be built into more complex molecules than any other biologically important element.

Carbon backbones

Carbon atoms readily bond with each other and can form long chains, branched molecules, and rings

Organic compounds

Compounds that contain carbon

Structure of a molecule

The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms and chemical bonds within a molecule

4 most important organic molecules to all life

Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

What do living things use carbs as

Their main source of energy. Plants and some animals use them for structural purposes.

Starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Isomers

Compounds with the same formula but different structures.

Sucrose

glucose + fructose (Found in plants)

Maltose

glucose + glucose (found in barley)

Dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.

Macromolecules

Giant molecules (hundreds of thousands of smaller molecules)

Monomers

building blocks of polymers

Polymers

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

The formation of polymers from monomers occurs as a result of ___________ reactions, and the breakdown of polymers into monomers occurs as a result of ___________ reactions.

Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

Lactose

Galactose + glucose

Glycogen

storage form of glucose in animals liver

Cellulose

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.

Chitin

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods.

Plants turn most glucose and fructose into starch

True

Hydrolysis

Splitting bonds between monomers

Carbohydrates

The starches and sugars present in foods

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus. DNA/RNA, transmits genetic info.

DNA vs RNA

DNA - Blueprint

RNA - Turns blueprint into proteins

Amino acids all have

an amino group and a carboxyl group (Carboxyl group makes it an acid)

Coils, helixes and globules

Proteins are like coils when denatured. Helixes are the secondary structure. Globules are the tertiary structure

3 main types of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids (cholestrol)

HDL vs LDL

High density lipoproteins flow through your bloodstream. Low density lipoproteins also flow but can clog. That's why they are bad. Both flow through your bloodstream with cholestrol.

Steroids

Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Cholestrol

Made in liver. Steroids

Fat

A large lipid molecule made from an alcohol called glycerol and three fatty acids; a triglyceride. Most fats function as energy-storage molecules.

Fatty acids have a hydrophilic end and a hydrophobic end

True

Hydrophilic

Polar

Hydrophobic

Non polar

Saturated fat

A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms

Unsaturated fat

A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.

Trans fat

An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.

atherosclerosis

hardening of the arteries due to plaque buildup

Examples of unsaturated fats

Most oils, nuts, salmons, seeds, avacado

Examples of saturated fats

Animal fats, coconut oil, butter, beef fat, palm oil, lard, and chicken fat

Examples of trans fats

Baked goods, deep fried foods, margerine, shortening

Hydrogenation

The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen (Trans fats, they're trans)

Phospholipids

Fats but they have 2 fatty acids. Part of cell membranes

Anabolic steroids

Synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone.

Nucleotides

A type of monomer with ribose a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Proteins (Polymers) are made of ____ types of ______ (monomers)

20 amino acids

DNA is built from just four kinds of monomers called ____.

nucleotides