IB SEHS Unit 3

Name the functions of the axial skeleton

Protection, attachment, support

What does the axial protect?

Cranium protects brain + Rib cage protects heart, lungs, and kidney + Vertebrae protects spinal cord

Examples of attachment in axial

Muscles used in breathing attach to ribs

Example of support in axial

Vertebrae provide support for the bones of the upper body

Functions of appendicular

movement, attachment points, support, blood cell formation, and mineral reservoir

examples of movement in appendicular

arm and leg bones

examples of attachment points in appendicular

muscles that aid in movement

example of support in appendicular

bones in lower body are larger

blood cell formation in appendicular

hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow of long bones like femur and humerus

mineral reservoir in appendicular

bones provide storage for calcium and phosphorus

Desc. of ligaments

Slightly elastic, poor blood supply

function of ligaments

connects bone to bone

desc. of cartilage

varies -- flexible/rigid

function of cartilage

protects ends of bones, cushion between bones

desc. of tendons

elastic tissue made of outer layer of muscle

function of tendons

attaches muscle to bone

desc. of fascia

a sheet of connective tissue

function of fascia

attach, enclose, or separate muscles/other organs

whats skeletal joints

when two or more bones meet/articulate

desc. of fibrous

no movement, thin layer of tissue connecting 2 bones

desc. of cartilaginous

bones separated by cartilage, limited movement

desc. of synovial

distinctive features (including capsule), greater range of movement

inferior

below another body part

superior

above another body part

proximal

nearer to trunk/point of attachment

distal

away from trunk/point of attachment

posterior

back of body

anterior

front of body

medial

toward midline of body

intermediate

between 2 structures, one of which is medial and one of which is lateral

lateral

away from midline of body

articular cartilage

smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones, provides a low friction surface.

synovial membrane

membrane that secretes synovial fluid

synovial fluid

consistency of egg whites, lubricates joints

bursa

fluid filled sac, found between tendon and bone, helps tendons glide over bones

meniscus

c shaped pad of cartilage

articular capsule

another name for joint name

gliding (plane) joint

flat/curved bones that move side to side. uniaxial : 1 plane of movement

hinge joint

convex fits into concave surface, uniaxial

pivot joint

bone rotates within ring of other bone, uniaxial

condyloid

convex fits into concave surface, biaxial

saddle joint

bone fits like a saddle, biaxial

ball and socket joint

sphere fits into cavity, triaxial

epiphysis

ends of long bone

spongy bone

porous, ends of bone, contains red marrow

articular cartilage in long bone anatomy

protects end of bone

diaphysis

middle of bone; contains yellow marrow

compact bone

dense, forms outer layer of bone

yellow bone marrow

energy storing fat found in diaphysis

red bone marrow

in spongy bone; blood cells formed here

medullary (marrow) cavity

space for yellow marrow

blood vessel (nutrient foramen)

blood supply to bone tissue

periosteum

protective layer that wraps around bone

flexion

closing of joint angle (bending)

extension

straightening joint angle

hyperextension

joint action is beyond starting position

abduction

moving part away from midline - opening

adduction

moving part away toward midline - closing

pronation

turning hand so palm is downward

supination

turning the hand so the palm is upward

inversion

foot faces toward midline

eversion

foot moves the sole facing away from midline

elevation

raising a part

depression

lowering a part

circumduction

moving a part so that it follows a circular path

rotation

moving around an axis

dorisflexion

movement of the ankle that brings foot closer to the shin

plantar flexion

movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin

clavicle

appendicular

scapula

appendicular

humerus

appendicular

ulna

appendicular

radius

appendicular

carpals

appendicular

metacarpal

appendicular

phalanges

appendicular

tarsals

appendicular

metatarsal

appendicular

ilium

appendicular

ischium

appendicular

femur

appendicular

patella

appendicular

tibia

appendicular

fibula

appendicular

sacrum

axial

cranium

axial

mandible

axial

rib

axial

sternum

axial

vertebrate

axial

coccyx