Radiographic Procedures 1 - Chapter 1: General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering basic anatomy, body systems, body cavities, skeletal divisions, bone histology and ossification, joint classifications, body habitus, planes, radiographic positioning, and projection terminology from Radiographic Procedures 1, Chapter 1.

Viscera

The general term referring to organs contained within the ventral body cavity.

Serous membrane

A smooth membrane layer that lines the walls of internal cavities and covers the external surfaces of the viscera.

Pericardium

The serous membrane surrounding the heart in the thoracic cavity's mediastinum, consisting of an inner visceral pericardium covering the heart surface and an outer parietal pericardium.

Pleura

The serous membrane of the thoracic cavity that envelops the lungs, composed of a visceral pleura covering the lung surface and a parietal pleura lining the surrounding cavity wall.

Peritoneum

The serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity, consisting of a visceral peritoneum covering the abdominal organs and a parietal peritoneum lining the abdominal wall.

Axial skeleton

The central bone division composed of $80$ bones, comprising the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular skeleton

The skeletal division consisting of $126$ bones, comprising the upper limbs, lower limbs, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle.

Sesamoid bones

Small, oval-shaped bones embedded within tendons; the patellae are the largest examples, and they are also typically located on the plantar surface of the 1st metatarsal and palmar surface of the 1st metacarpal.

Compact bone (cortex)

The hard, dense outer protective shell of bone tissue.

Spongy bone (cancellous bone)

The porous, lattice-like internal bone tissue enclosed by compact bone where red blood cells are manufactured.

Medullary cavity

The hollow central canal within the shaft (body) of a long bone.

Metaphysis

The wider, flared segment of a long bone situated adjacent to the epiphyseal plate.

Periosteum

A tough, dense fibrous membrane that encloses the outer surface of bone tissue, excluding the articulating ends covered by hyaline articular cartilage.

Intramembranous ossification

The embryonic bone development process wherein bone forms directly within fibrous connective tissue membranes.

Endochondral ossification

The developmental process by which bone forms by gradually replacing preexisting hyaline cartilage models.

Diaphysis

The primary center of endochondral ossification that constitutes the main shaft or midbody of a long bone.

Epiphysis

The secondary center of endochondral ossification that develops at the distal and proximal extremities of long bones.

Epiphyseal plate

A cartilaginous growth zone situated between the epiphysis and diaphysis that remains until skeletal maturation is achieved between ages $20$ and $25$.

Arthrology

The anatomical and medical study of joints and articulations.

Synarthrosis

A functional joint classification describing an immovable articulation.

Amphiarthrosis

A functional joint classification describing an articulation permitting limited movement.

Diarthrosis

A functional joint classification designating a freely movable synovial joint.

Plane joint (gliding joint)

A synovial joint type characterized by sliding or gliding motions across planar articular facets, such as the intercarpal joints.

Ginglymus joint (hinge joint)

A uniaxial synovial joint type permitting only flexion and extension movements, such as the elbow joint.

Trochoid joint (pivot joint)

A synovial joint type restricted to rotational movement around a single axis, such as the radioulnar joints or atlantoaxial joint ($\text{C1-C2}$).

Ellipsoid joint (condyloid joint)

A biaxial synovial joint facilitating flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, such as the radiocarpal wrist joint.

Sellar joint (saddle joint)

A multiaxial synovial joint exhibiting concave-convex opposing surfaces that allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction, such as the 1st carpometacarpal joint.

Spheroidal joint (ball and socket joint)

A freely movable synovial joint that permits flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, and medial and lateral rotation, such as the hip joint.

Bicondylar joint

A synovial joint type that permits motion primarily in a single direction through two distinct condylar articulations, exemplified by the knee joint.

Sthenic habitus

The average body habitus physique, represented by approximately $50\%$ of the human population.

Hyposthenic habitus

A slender body habitus physique that characterizes approximately $35\%$ of the population.

Asthenic habitus

An extremely slender and elongated body habitus classification that represents roughly $10\%$ of the population.

Hypersthenic habitus

A massive, broad-framed body habitus classification characterizing approximately $5\%$ of the population.

Anatomic position

An upright reference posture with the body erect, arms slightly abducted, palms facing anteriorly, and head and feet oriented straight ahead.

Sagittal plane

A longitudinal vertical plane that divides the body or body part into right and left segments.

Midsagittal plane (MSP)

The midline sagittal plane passing longitudinally through the center of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves.

Coronal plane

A longitudinal vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) sections.

Horizontal (axial) plane

A transverse plane situated at a right angle to longitudinal planes that divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Oblique plane

Any longitudinal or transverse section plane that traverses the body at an angle or slant, not running parallel to the sagittal, coronal, or horizontal planes.

Base plane of the skull (Frankfort plane)

An anatomical cranial plane established by a reference line connecting the infraorbital margin to the superior border of the external acoustic meatus (EAM).

Occlusal plane

A cranial reference plane defined by the biting surfaces between the maxillary and mandibular teeth when the jaws are fully closed.

Projection

A technical radiographic term describing the path and direction traveled by the central ray (CR) as it traverses the patient's body.

Position

The actual physical posture or mechanical arrangement of the patient's body during an imaging examination.

Trendelenburg position

A recumbent patient posture in which the entire body is tilted so that the head is placed lower than the feet.

Fowler position

A recumbent body posture wherein the patient's body is tilted with the head elevated higher than the feet.

Sims position

A recumbent oblique position in which the patient lies onto their left anterior side with the right knee and right hip flexed.

Lithotomy position

A supine posture with knees and hips flexed, thighs abducted and externally rotated, with ankles supported in stirrup rests.

Decubitus

A radiographic position indicating that the patient is lying down (dorsal, ventral, or lateral) while images are exposed using a horizontal x-ray beam.

Axial projection

Any radiographic projection in which the central ray (CR) is angled longitudinally along the body axis by more than $10^\circ$.

Tangential projection

A projection where the central ray (CR) merely skims a curved anatomical profile, touching a contour at a single point to project it free of superimposition.

Lordotic position

A specialized chest positioning technique where the long axis of the patient's thorax is angled backward against the image receptor rather than angulating the central ray.

Varus

An angular alignment deformity or stress movement wherein an extremity or joint segment is forced inward toward the body's midline.

Valgus

An angular alignment deformity or stress movement wherein an extremity or joint segment is forced outward away from the body's midline.

Radial deviation

A lateral movement or turn of the hand and wrist toward the radius.

Ulnar deviation

A medial movement or turn of the hand and wrist toward the ulna.

ACE campaign

An ASRT-advocated communication model representing Announce your name, Communicate your credentials, and Explain what you are going to do.

Palpation

The clinical technique of utilizing gentle fingertip pressure to localize anatomical landmarks for radiographic positioning.