Short answer for Lab test (lymphatic and respiratory)

Where are preauricular lymph nodes?

directly in front of the ear

Where are occipital lymph nodes?

at the back of the head, near the skull

Where are postauricular lymph nodes?

directly behind the ear, over the mastoid bone, where the sternocleidomastoid attaches

Where are the submandibular lymph nodes?

located beneath the body of the lower jawbone (mandible) within the submandibular triange

Where are the submental lymph nodes?

located beneath the chin, specifically within the submental triangle

Where are the anterior cervical lymph nodes?

small filters located in the front of the neck that help trap and fight off infections

Where are the posterior cervical lymph nodes?

located in the back of the neck along the posterior triangle and the external jugular vein

Where are the supraclavicular lymph nodes?

located in the hollow space just above the collarbone (clavicle), near the base of the neck

Where are the infraclavicular lymph nodes?

located just below the collarbone (clavicle), beside cephalic vein, in the groove between pectoralis major and deltoid muscles

Where are axillary lymph nodes?

located in the armpit that filter lymphatic fluid from upper limbs, breast tissue, shoulder, and chest wall

Where are the epitrochlear lymph nodes (cubital lymph nodes)?

in the subcutaneous fat on the inner (medial) side of the arm

Where are the inguinal lymph nodes?

in the groin area, specifically where the upper inner thigh meets the lower abdomen

Where are the popliteal lymph nodes?

in the popliteal fossa, behind the knee joint

Lymph

the fluid that enters the lymphatic vessels and is being transported back toward the cardiovascular system

Interstitial fluid

fluid found in spaces between cells

Lymphatic Capillaries

tiny, blind-ended lymphatic vessels that form web-like networks around blood capillary beds

Lymphatic Vessels

blind-ended vessels that collect lymph from tissues and return it to the bloodstream

Lymphokinesis

the flow or circulation of lymph through lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

Lymph nodes

small, vaguely bean-shaped clusters of lymphatic tissue

Phagocytosis

cell-eating, cells ingest large particles such as bacteria, dead body cells, or cell fragments

Antigen presenting cells (APCs)

immune cells that ingest pathogens, process their antigens, and then display fragments on the surface

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

Lymphoid tissue along mucous membranes that are exposed to external environment and pathogens

Complement

Proteins (30 of them) produced by the liver that circulate in blood mostly in inactive forms - innate immunity

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

structure formed by several activated complement proteins on surface of target cell

Interferons

a type of cytokine (signaling protein) produced by several immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and cells of adaptive immunity

B cells

A type of lymphocyte that develop and mature in bone marrow and reside in lymphoid organs

T cells

lymphocytes that form in the bone marrow but migrate to the thymus to mature

IgM

pentamer, first antibody secreted, potent in agglutination/precipitation

IgG

monomer, most abundant in serum

IgA

dimer, found in secretions, performs agglutination and neutralizaiton

IgE

Monomer, binds MAST cells and basophils, triggers deagglutination, driving inflammation in allergic reactions

IgD

monomer, found on B cell surfaces, helps in B cell sensitization and activation

Boyle’s law

pressure and volume are inversely related (when volume increases, pressure decreases)

Dalton’s law

explains how gases behave in a mixture (partial pressure=fraction of gas in mixture x total pressure)

Henry’s law

describes how well a gas dissolves in a liquid is proportional to both its partial pressure and its solubility in that liquid

Respiratory tract

a series of hollow passageways that transport air to and from the lungs

Respiration

overall process that supplies body cells with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Inspiration

when air moves into the lungs

Expiration

when air moves out of the lungs

Ventilation

the breathing process (first step of respiration)

Alveoli

terminal air sacs of the respiratory tract and primary sites of gas exchange in the lungs

Type I alveolar cells

(about 90%) very thin squamous cells that allow for rapid diffusion of gases

Type II alveolar cells

(about 10%) cuboidal cells that secrete surfactant, which reduces surface tension and helps alveolar collapse

Alveolar macrophages

phagocytes that “clean up” debris and pathogens, then migrate toward bronchioles to be removed

Respiratory membrane

an extremely thin barrier with a huge surface area that makes pulmonary gas exchange highly efficient

Spirometer

an instrument used to measure how much air a person moves in and out of the lungs with each breath

Upper respiratory tract

passageways from the nasal cavity to the larynx that includes the nose and nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx

Lower respiratory tract

includes trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli in lungs

Pressure gradient

a difference in pressure between two connected areas

Atmospheric pressure

the pressure exerted by the air in the atmosphere

Intrapulmonary pressure

the air pressure inside of the alveoli of the lungs

Intrapleural pressure

the pressure inside the pleural cavity

Parital pressure

each gas in the air exerts its own pressure, called partial pressure

Tidal volume

amount of air inspired or expired during normal, quiet breathing

Inspiratory reserve volume

max volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal tidal inspiration

Expiratory reserve volume

max volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a normal tidal expiration

Residual volume

volume of air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration

Vital capacity

the total volume of air that can move in and out of the lungs

Forced vital capacity

total volume of air that you can forcefully rapidly exhale from your lungs after taking a maximal deep breath

Inspiratory capacity

total amount of air that a person can inspire after a tidal expiration

Functional Residual Capacity

amount of air that is normally left in the lungs after a tidal (norma, quiet) expiration

Total lung capacity

total amount of air in the lungs, including exchangeable and nonexchangeable air

equation for inspiratory capacity

tidal volume (TV) + inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

equation for Functional residual capacity

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) + Residual Volume (RV)

equation for vital capacity

TV + IRV + ERV

Total lung capacity

TV + IRV + ERV + RV