Anatomy - lower leg and foot oia/function/injuries/

20

normal dorsiflexion

45

normal plantarflexion

30

normal inversion

20

normal eversion

inversion

lateral ligaments resist excessive _________

eversion

medial ligaments resit excessive _________

femur

origin

calcaneous

insertion

gastrocnemius action

plantar flexes foot and flexes knee

flexes knee, plantar flexes foot

action

fibula

origin

calcaneous

insertion

plantarflexion with bent knee

action

tibial shaft

origin

medial malleous

inversion

action

midway tibia

origin (flexor digitorum longus)

3-5 phalanges

insertion

fibula

origin

distal phalanx first toe

insertion

calcaneous

origin

middle phalanx 2-5

insertion

flexion of PIP 2-5

flexor digitorum brevis action

flexion of DIP 1

flexor hallucis longus action

flexion DIP 2-5

flexor digitorum longus action

midfoot

origin

proximal phalanx 1

insertion

flexion of mtp 1

flexor hallucis brevis action

Abduct toes

abductor halucis, abductor digiti minimi ACTION:

calcaneous

origin

proximal phalanges 1-5

insertion

maintain arch

plantar fascia action:

tibia

origin

medial metatarsal 1

insertion

dorsiflexion

tibialis anterior action

fibula head

origin

distal phalanges 2-5

insertion

middle of fibula

origin

disal phalanx 1

insertion

extend dip 1

extensor hallucis longus action

midfoot

origin

middle phalanx 2-4

insertion

extend pip 2-4

action of extensor digitorum brevis

midfoot

origin

proximal phalanx 1

insertion

extend mtp 1

extensor hallucis brevis action

fibula head

origin

base of mtp 1

insertion

crosses over

fibularis longus laterally _______ the base of the first mtp

eversion

fibularis longus action

middle fibula

origin

base of mtp 5

insertion

eversion

fibularis brevis action

fibula

origin

base of mtp 5

insertion

eversion

fibularis tertius action

planatar fasciitis

inflammation of plantar fascia (heel to toes)

-mechanisms: arch problems, obesity, bad shoes

worsens

in plantar fasciitis, pain _______ in the morning

heel spur

a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia nears its attachment to the calcaneus bone that can be one of the causes of plantar fasciitis

pes planus

flat foot

tibialis posterior

strengthen the. ______ _________ to help with pes planus

pes cavus

Abnormally high arch of the foot

hammer toe

Proximal phalanx permanently dorsiflexed at the PIP joint

A callosity or callus often develops where the dorsal surface of the toe repeatedly rubs on the shoe

claw toe

PIP and DIP fixed in flexion

arch strain

refers to an inflammation and/or burning sensation at the arch of the foot

valgus

position of a body part that is bent outward

hallux valgus

tailors bunion

turf toe

Hyperextension of the great toe

lisfranc injury

an injury of the foot in which one or more of the metatarsal bones are displaced from the tarsus

jones fracture

avulsion fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal

plantars neuroma

pinching of interdigital nerve

lateral sprain

85% of ankle sprains

anterior talofibular ligament is most commonly sprained

tibiotalar

what joint is affected in lateral sprains?

talar tilt

CF ligament, tilt talus to see if its loose

greater than 10 deg is significant;

anterior drawer

more than 3 mm of movement indicates ATF sprain

medial ankle sprain

injury to the deltoid ligament

longer to heal than lateral

-excessive eversion

kleigers

test to externally rotate ankle to stress medial structure

tibialis posterior

strengthening the ______ _______ is important for medial sprain rehabilitation

high ankle sprain

tibiofibular joint sprain; AiTFL PiTFL

- foot pushed inter external rotation with interanl lower leg rotation

- affects talus

squeeze test

squeeze bones to form gap at distal TF spaice

positive test with pain

peroneal tendon subluxation

Partial displacement of peroneal tendon (usually longus);

rupturing retinaculum

medial tibial stress syndrome

Pain that occurs below the knee either on the front outside portion of the leg or on the inside of the leg; SHIN SPLINTS

compartment syndrom

Swelling in a confined space that produces dangerous pressure; may cut off blood flow or damage sensitive tissue.

- chronic and acute (acute is due to trauma)

ischemia

Lack of blood supply

overlength or overload

muscle strains are cause by _________ ___ ________

achilles tendonitis

inflammation of the Achilles tendon causing severe pain

- heel lift in shoe can relive stress

tendonosis

breakdown of a tendon without inflammation

chronic inflammation

thompson test

compression of the calf muscle while observing for plantar flexion to assess the stability of the Achilles tendon

retrocalcaneal bursitis

Inflammation of the bursa between the Achilles tendon and the calcaneus.

achilles tendon reflex

S1-S2

a stretch reflex; tapping this tendon in the heel normally causes plantar flexion of the foot; also called the ankle-jerk reflex

kleigers

talar tilt