Dog fish- Shark muscles

axial muscles

-trunk muscles

-epibranchial muscles

-hypobranchial muscles

-branchiomeric muscles

epibranchial muscles term

muscles located above (dorsal) the pharynx

hypobranchial muscles term

muscles located below (ventral) the pharynx

branchiomeric muscles term

muscles of the visceral arches

appendicular muscles

-pectoral fin abductors (located dorsally)

-pectoral fin adductors (located ventrally)

adduct

-to pull towards

-add to the midline

abduct

-to pull away

-to move away from the midline

trunk terms

-horizontal skeletogenous septum

-myomere

-myoseptum (singular)

-epaxial muscles

-hypaxial muscles

-linea alba

horizontal skeletogenous septum

membrane of connective tissue

which divides the dorsal and

ventral myomeres (epaxial and

hypaxial musculature)

myomere

-bands of muscle along the sides

used for locomotion

-contained Z-shaped myomeres

myoseptum (singular)

-plural= myoseptae

-connective tissue sheets that

serve to separate the myomeres

epaxial muscles

located on the dorsal surface of the dogfish

hypaxial muscle

located on the ventral surface of the dogfish

linea alba

connective tissue that separates the

left and right hypaxial muscles mid-ventrally

origin

-fixed attachment

-attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

insertion

-moves with contraction

-The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone or the end opposite the origin

epibranchial muscles

-includes epaxials and hypaxials

-dorsal to the cucullaris are these

dorsal longitudinal bundles of muscle

-represent the anterior continuation

of the epaxial musculature of the head

-located anteriorly to the back of chondrocranium

-Action: elevate the cranium during prey capture

hypobranchial muscles

-hypaxial muscles located ventral to the gills

-coracomandibular

-corahyoid

-coracoarcuals

-corabranchials

coracomandibular

-the long, midventral, and nearly

cylindrical muscle exposed on

reflection of the intermandibularis

-Action: opens mouth; depresses

the lower jaw;

expand gill pouches

coracohyoid

-lies deep to the coracomandibular

-Action: opens the mouth; depresses

the lower jaw;

expand gill pouches

coracoarcuals

-nearly triangular, paired structure

-lie medially between the ventral

superficial branchial constrictors and

anterior to the hypaxial musculature

-Action: opens the mouth;

depresses the lower jaw;

expand gill pouches

coracobranchials

-a series of 5 muscles that fan out from

the coracoid bar, coracoarcuals,

and the walls of the pericardial cavity

to the ceratobranchial and basilbranchial cartilages

-Action: opens the mouth;

depresses the lower jaw;

expand gill pouches

branchiomeric muscles

-preorbitalis

-levator palatoquadrati

-spiracularis

-levator hyomandibulae

-adductor mandibulae

-cucullaris

-superficial constrictors

superficial constrictor muscles

-intermandibularis

-interhyoideus

-dorsal hyoid constrictor

-ventral hyoid constrictor

-dorsal branchial constrictor

-ventral branchial constrictor

preorbitalis

-Action: closes the mouth

(adducts the lower jaw-

elevates the Meckel's cartilage);

protrude upper jaw

adductor mandibulae

-large muscle that is ventral to the

levator hyomandibulae muscle and

posterior to the angle of the mouth

-Action: closes the mouth;

(adducts the lower jaw-

elevates the Meckel's cartilage)

levator palatoquadrati

-lies anterior to the spiracle

-Action: elevates the upper jaw (palatoquadrate)

spiracularis

-on the anterior wall of the spiracular valve

-Action: elevates the upper jaw

(palatoquadrate); closes the spiracular valve

spiracle

used to take in water and ventilate the gills

levator hyomandibulae

-lies posterior to the spiracle

-Action: elevates hyomandibular cartilage

cucullaris

-triangle (isosceles triangle) that lies

dorsal to the constrictors

-Action: elevates the pectoral girdle

superficial constrictors

-make up a block of muscles that

surrounds the pharyngeal slits

-they are subdivided into dorsal and ventral portions

-separated by vertical connective tissue

partitions termed raphes, which

look like white lines on the muscle surface

-Action: compress the gill pouches

raphe

connective tissue that separates

the superficial constrictors

superficial constrictors list

-intermandibularis

-interhyoideus

-dorsal hyoid constrictor

-ventral hyoid constrictor

-dorsal branchial constrictor

-ventral branchial constrictor

intermandibularis

-lies in between the Meckel's cartilages

-Action: elevates the floor of the mouth,

reducing the volume of the oral cavity

interhyoideus

-a second, thin, and less extensive muscular sheet

that lies deep to the intermandibularis

-Action: elevates the floor of the mouth,

reducing the volume of the oral cavity

dorsal hyoid constrictor

-1st constrictors, lie in between the

adductor mandibulae and the first

pharyngeal slit

-raphes extending dorsally and

ventrally from the first slit separate

the hyoid constrictors from

the first of 4 superficial constrictors

-Action: compress gill pouches

ventral hyoid constrictors

-bottom part of large gill muscle

closest to the head

-1st constrictors, lie in between the

adductor mandibulae and the first

pharyngeal slit

-raphes extending dorsally and

ventrally from the first slit separate

the hyoid constrictors from the first

of 4 superficial constrictors

-Action: compress gill pouches

dorsal superficial branchial constrictor

-constrictors are similar in form and extend

between the raphes associated with each slit

-the branchial constrictors, which compress

the branchial region, extend medially

-superficially, they overlap one another

so that only their outermost portions are visible

-Action: compress the gill pouches

ventral superficial branchial constrictor

-constrictors are similar in form and

extend between the raphes associated

with each slit

-The branchial constrictors, which

compress the branchial region, extend

medially

-Superficially, they overlap one another

so that only their outermost portions are

visible

-Action: compress the gill pouches