AP Human Geography: Demography, Population Policies, and Migration Vocabulary

Vocabulary flashcards generated from lecture materials on demographic models, population policies, and migration patterns.

Subsistence Agriculture

Farming in which agricultural production is consumed directly by the farmers and their families rather than produced for commercial sale.

Replacement Rate

The Total Fertility Rate ($TFR$) needed for a population to maintain itself from one generation to the next without migration, defined as a $TFR$ above $2.1$.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

A demographic state occurring in Stage $4$ of the Demographic Transition Model where the Crude Birth Rate ($CBR$) and Crude Death Rate ($CDR$) are equal, producing a Natural Increase Rate ($NIR$) of $0$.

Epidemic

A disease outbreak that spreads rapidly across a specific region or community.

Pandemic

An infectious disease outbreak that spreads across multiple regions, countries, or globally.

Endemic

A disease that remains consistently present within a specific geographic area or population and does not spread across an entire region.

Superbugs

Strains of bacteria or viruses that have mutated and developed resistance to most commonly used antibiotic treatments.

Anti-natalist Policy

A government program or policy designed to restrict or reduce population growth by discouraging births and lowering fertility rates.

Pro-natalist Policy

A government program or policy intended to encourage and expand population growth by promoting higher fertility rates.

Gendercide

The systematic killing or reduction of members of a specific sex or gender within a population, often through selective abortion or infanticide.

Bare Branches

A term used in China to refer to the estimated $70\text{ million}$ surplus men who are unable to find wives due to severely skewed gender ratios.

Eugenics

A policy aimed at creating a population of 'superhumans' by selectively encouraging preferred groups to reproduce while sterilizing others.

Xenophobia

A strong dislike or fear of people from other countries or cultures.

Brain Drain

The large-scale emigration of highly educated, skilled, or talented individuals from a country.

Guest Worker

A foreign individual granted temporary legal permission to reside and work in another country, often in manual labor sectors.

Remittance

A sum of money earned by a foreign worker and transferred back to relatives or recipients in their home country.

International Refugee

An individual who has crossed one or more international borders due to a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, social group, or political opinion.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP)

An individual forced to abandon their home due to conflict or persecution who remains displaced within their home country's borders.

Asylum Seeker

A person who has fled their home country and formally applied for sanctuary or legal protection in another country.

Migration

A permanent or semi-permanent change in residence from one location to another.

Mobility

The general ability of people, goods, or ideas to move from one geographic location to another.

Emigration

The act of departing or migrating away from a location.

Immigration

The act of entering or migrating into a new location.

Net Migration

The difference between the total number of immigrants entering a location and emigrants departing from it.

Cyclic Movement

Short-term, repeated spatial movements along a closed route, such as daily commuting, seasonal relocation, or nomadism.

Periodic Movement

Temporary relocation away from home for an extended period before returning, such as migrant labor, transhumance, or military deployment.

Transhumance

A seasonal periodic movement of livestock between mountain pastures and lowland valleys according to temperature and rainfall patterns.

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another region within the same sovereign state.

Intraregional Migration

Permanent movement located entirely within a single region of a country.

Voluntary Migration

Relocation undertaken by individuals by choice in response to perceived economic, social, or environmental opportunities.

Forced Migration

Human relocation compelled by cultural, political, or environmental factors where movers have no choice but to leave.

Gravity Model of Migration

A spatial interaction model stating that movement between two places is directly proportional to their population sizes and inversely proportional to the distance between them.

Intervening Obstacle

An environmental, physical, or cultural landscape feature that hinders or prevents migration.

Lee's Migration Model

A theoretical framework formulated in $1966$ illustrating how push and pull factors at origin and destination interact with intervening obstacles to determine migration.

Zelinsky's Migration Transition Model

A theory holding that types of migration change predictably as a society develops economically, paralleling the Demographic Transition Model.

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

A series of empirical rules formulated by sociologist E.G. Ravenstein ($1834\text{--}1913$) outlining general patterns of human migration, such as short distances, step-by-step movement, and urban destinations.