AP Gov: Topic 5.9 - Congressional Elections Study Guide

coattail effect

those in same party of presidential candidate typically do well on congressional ballot

midterm elections

federal elections that take place halfway through a president's term

political action committees (PACs)

formal groups formed around a similar interest

What is the coattail effect in congressional elections?

The phenomenon where popular candidates (typically presidential candidates) pull other candidates of the same political party into office on their coattails on the ballot.

What are midterm elections?

Federal elections that take place halfway through a president's four-year term.

What are Political Action Committees (PACs)?

Formal groups formed around a common or similar interest that raise and spend money to elect or defeat political candidates.

How often do U.S. congressional elections take place?

Every 2 years.

What is the term length for members of the House of Representatives?

2 years.

What is the term length for U.S. Senators?

6 years.

How much of the Senate is up for reelection every two years?

One-third (1/3) of the Senate.

What is the incumbency advantage in congressional elections?

The structural electoral edge held by current officeholders over challengers, resulting in an exceptionally high success rate (~90% win rate).

What specific factors contribute to the incumbency advantage in Congress?

Name recognition, an established track record, well-established funding networks, and safe/gerrymandered districts.

How does the incumbency advantage in Congress compare to presidential elections?

While incumbency advantage exists in both, it is significantly more pronounced in congressional elections than in presidential elections.

How are candidates chosen for both congressional and presidential elections?

Through primary elections or caucuses (which can be open or closed).