Chemical Reactions in Daily Life

Physical Change

Change in appearance.

Chemical Change

Change in composition.

Intensive Properties

These do not depend on the amount of the substance present and stay the same no matter how much material you have. Examples include color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, luster, state of matter, solubility, and conductivity.

Extensive Properties

Depend on the amount of matter present and change if you have more or less of the matter. Examples include mass, volume, length, and shape.

Exothermic Reaction

"Exo" = exit; heat goes out. Process that releases heat to the surroundings, causing the temperature of the surroundings to increase. Examples: Burning wood/fuel, Respiration, Neutralization.

Endothermic Reaction

"Endo" = in; heat goes in. Process that absorbs heat from the surroundings, causing the temperature of the surroundings to decrease. Examples: Melting ice, Photosynthesis, Cooking.

Homogeneous Solution

Uniformly mixed (hindi napaghihiwalay).

Heterogeneous Solution

Non-uniform or separated (napaghihiwalay).

Chemical Reaction

Process where one or more substances (reactants) change into new substances (products). Atoms are rearranged, but the total number of atoms stays the same.

Decomposition Reaction

Occurs when a single compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Usually requires heat, light, or electricity. Formula: AB → A + B.

Acid on Carbonates

Process where an acid reacts with a specific compound to produce salt, carbon dioxide (CO2), and water. Formula: Acid + [reacting compound] → Salt + CO2 + H2O.

Acid on Metals

Process that produces a salt and hydrogen gas (H2) accompanied by bubbling or fizzing. Formula: Acid + [reacting element] → Salt + H2.

Combustion Reaction

Occurs when a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen to produce heat and light. It is an exothermic process. Formula: Fuel + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy.

Emulsification

Mixing of oil and water using soap or detergent.

Emulsion

A mixture of two immiscible liquids.

Oil

A nonpolar (hydrophobic) substance.

Water

A polar (hydrophilic) substance.

Neutralization

Process between an acid and a base forming salt and water, where the reactants cancel out each other's properties. Formula: Acid + Base → Salt + Water.

Denaturation

Process where proteins lose their natural shape and structure due to external stress such as heat, acids, bases, alcohol, or heavy metal.

Oxidation

Process where a substance loses electrons. The substance may also gain oxygen or lose hydrogen. (Part of a redox reaction).

Sublimation

A solid changes directly into gas without passing through a liquid state.

Deposition

A gas changes directly to a solid.

Digestion

Process of breaking down food into simpler, smaller molecules.

Mechanical Digestion

Breaking down food physically through actions like chewing and churning.

Chemical Digestion

Breaking down food using enzymes and acids.

Photosynthesis

Process which green plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight to make food (glucose) from carbon dioxide and water. Formula: 6CO2 + 6H2O --(light energy & chlorophyll)--> C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Respiration

Process by which living organisms break down food molecules to release energy that the body can use for movement, growth, repair, and maintenance.