Year 10 Comprehensive Revision: Science, English, History, PDHPE, and Mathematics

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering key definitions, principles, and formulas from Year 10 Science, English film & language techniques, World War II Australian History, PDHPE wellbeing topics, and Mathematics.

Motion

The movement of an object.

Distance

How far it is between two points, typically measured in metres, kilometres, or centimetres.

Velocity

Speed measured in a given direction.

Instantaneous Speed

The speed of an object at a particular moment in time

Average Speed

The total distance traveled divided by the total time taken: $\text{Average Speed} = \frac{\text{Distance}}{\text{Time}}$.

Newton's First Law of Motion

The law of inertia: an object at rest stays at rest

Newton's Second Law of Motion

Force and acceleration:($F = M \times A$).

Newton's Third Law of Motion

Action and reaction: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram

An astronomical scatter plot where surface temperature decreases from left to right along the horizontal axis and luminosity measures light output relative to our Sun.

Redshift

The lengthening of light wavelengths from distant galaxies toward the red end of the spectrum, demonstrating that celestial sources are moving away and space is expanding.

Cosmic Microwave Background

Residual electromagnetic radiation originating from high-energy gamma radiation that fills all observable space almost completely uniformly.

Atomic Number

The total number of protons located within the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic Mass

The total sum of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus of an atom.

Simile

A figurative technique comparing two distinct things using the connecting words "like" or "as" (e.g., "Her smile was like sunshine").

Metaphor

A figurative technique describing something as if it were something else directly, without "like" or "as" (e.g., "The classroom was a zoo").

Personification

A technique attributing human qualities or actions to non-human entities or inanimate objects (e.g., "The wind whispered").

Alliteration

The repetition of matching consonant sounds at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words (e.g., "The wild wind whistled").

Hyperbole

Deliberate and obvious exaggeration used for emphasis or comedic effect (e.g., "I've told you a million times").

Discursive Text

A text that explores an issue or idea by examining multiple viewpoints with a reflective, conversational tone, rather than forcefully persuading the audience toward one stance.

Bird's Eye View

An elevated camera angle positioned almost or directly above the subject, creating an overhead perspective looking straight down onto the scene.

High Angle Shot

A cinematic shot where the camera is positioned above the subject looking down, often making the character appear weak, vulnerable, or powerless.

Low Angle Shot

A cinematic shot where the camera is positioned below eye level looking up, making the subject appear dominant, powerful, or intimidating.

Worm's Eye View

An extreme ground-level camera angle looking up, making the subject appear exceptionally large while instilling a feeling of vulnerability in the viewer.

Over the Shoulder Shot

A camera framing taken from behind the shoulder of another person, commonly used during dialogue to establish a relationship and connection between subjects.

Conscription

Compulsory enlistment of citizens for state military service, which placed strain on both militia units and volunteer armed forces.

Homefront

The civilian sector, domestic population, and national industry mobilized during wartime to manufacture armaments, sustain military personnel, and defend the country.

Rationing

Government-mandated limits restricting the domestic purchase of scarce essential commodities, such as tea, sugar, meat, and petrol, to sustain wartime operations.

Rats of Tobruk

An enduring badge of pride adopted by Australian and Allied soldiers who successfully defended the Libyan port of Tobruk between April and December 1941, denying Axis forces a vital supply harbour.

Chocolate Soldiers ('Chocos')

A derogatory label initially applied to young Australian militia fighters who were presumed to melt under combat pressure, but who staged a heroic fighting retreat along the Kokoda track in 1942.

Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels

Indigenous Papuan carriers celebrated for transporting crucial supplies and safely evacuating wounded Australian personnel across the hazardous Owen Stanley Range.

Sir Edward 'Weary' Dunlop

An Australian military surgeon and legendary symbol of endurance on the Thai-Burma railway who protected sick prisoners of war and performed life-saving surgeries with improvised tools.

Australian Women's Land Army (AWLA)

An organisation that mobilized over $3{,}000$ permanent female civilian workers during World War II to sustain agricultural output and supply Allied military forces.

Captain Reginald Saunders

An Indigenous Australian soldier who enlisted in 1940 and became the first Aboriginal commissioned officer in the Australian Army in November 1944.

Health

A state of complete physical, social, and mental wellbeing, rather than merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Dimensions of Health

The five interrelated components of human wellbeing: physical, emotional, cognitive, social, and spiritual.

Kilojoule

A metric unit of measurement used to quantify the chemical energy content stored in food.

Binge Drinking

The dangerous practice of drinking a large volume of alcohol in a short timeframe or consuming excessive alcohol within a single session.

Indirect Discrimination

A situation where a neutral rule, policy, or practice applies equally to all people but unfairly disadvantages a particular group sharing a protected characteristic (e.g., mandatory Saturday shifts affecting those with religious commitments).

Vilification

A public act that incites or encourages hatred, serious contempt, or severe ridicule toward an individual or group based on protected characteristics like race or religion.

Anti-Discrimination Act 1977

The New South Wales legislation that renders discrimination based on characteristics such as race, gender, and disability unlawful.

Closing the Gap

An Australian national framework and campaign aimed at reducing deep inequalities in life expectancy, health, and education between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians.

Casual Employment

Work arranged on an irregular basis where an employee only works when rostered, receiving no guaranteed hours, paid leave, or long-term job security.

Surd

An irrational root that cannot be simplified into an exact rational number (such as $\sqrt{2}$ or $\sqrt{3}$).

Euler's Formula (Planar Networks)

The topological rule for connected planar graphs stating that the number of vertices ($V$) plus faces ($F$) equals edges ($E$) plus two: $V + F = E + 2$.

Degree of a Vertex

The total number of edges meeting at or incident to a specific vertex in a network.

Eulerian Circuit

A closed network path that traverses every edge exactly once and returns to the starting vertex, possible only when every vertex has an even degree.

Eulerian Trail

An open continuous walk that uses every edge in a network exactly once and begins and ends at different vertices, possible only when exactly two vertices have odd degrees.

Zero Index Law

An algebraic rule stating that any non-zero base raised to the power of zero is equal to one: $a^0 = 1$.

Negative Index Law

An algebraic rule stating that a term raised to a negative exponent is equal to its reciprocal with a positive exponent: $a^{-n} = \frac{1}{a^n}$.

Fractional Index Law

An algebraic rule stating that raising a base to a unit fraction exponent corresponds to taking the root of that base: $a^{1/2} = \sqrt{a}$.

SOH CAH TOA

A trigonometric mnemonic representing right-angled triangle ratios: $\sin(\theta) = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Hypotenuse}}$, $\cos(\theta) = \frac{\text{Adjacent}}{\text{Hypotenuse}}$, and $\tan(\theta) = \frac{\text{Opposite}}{\text{Adjacent}}$.