TCM 121 MSU Joswick Exam 2

Igneous stone

developed in a molten state

Sedimentary stone

formed from particles deposited by wind and water

Metamorphic stone

formerly igneous or sedimentary rock transformed by heat and pressure

Granite Group

-Nonporous, strong and durable

-Different colors

-Best for exposure to extreme weathering and ground contact

Limestone Group

-Sedimentary

-Strength and porosity vary with density

-Colors range from white, to gray, to red

-More subject to weathering and erosion, vulnerable to acidic rain

Quartz-Based Group

-Varies in density and porosity

-Color varies significantly with types of materials that bind the quartz particles

-Cannot be polished

-Highly Durable

Slate Group

-Metamorphic

-Dense, hard, nonabsorbent

-Variety of colors

-Closely spaced panes

Marble Group

-Metamorphic

-Varies greatly in its physical properties and appearance

-Many colors, frequently with extensive veining

-Easily polished

Other group

-Travertine: Partially-crystallized, patterned calcite

-Chemically similar to limestone

-Similar to marble in its physical properties

-Alabaster

-Greenstone

-Schist (right)

-Serpentine

-Soapstone

Petrographic Analysis

Microscopic analysis of mineral content and structure

Laboratory Testing

evaluating characteristics or performance of materials using standard procedures in a specialized facility

Random Rubble

laid without continuous horizontal joints

Coursed Rubble

laid with continuous horizontal joints

Random Ashlar

laid without continuous horizontal joints

Coursed Ashlar

laid with continuous horizontal joints

Cladding/Curtain Wall

Stone panels mechanically attached to the building frame; the attachment system takes weight off of panels

Most common masonry unit size

8x8x16 (7 5/8x 7 5/8x 15 5/8)

CMU weights

-Lightweight: less expensive to transport, lower thermal conductivity, higher fire resistance rating

-Medium weight: Middle weight

-Normal weight: heaviest, less expensive to manufacture, more durable, less moisture absorbent, higher compressive strength

Process of laying a wall

-Corner leads are lain first

-String lines used to keep wall straight, plumb, and level

-Joints are tooled

-Steel reinforcement is added and the grouted

High Lift

when walls are built in lifts ranging from 4ft-25ft

Low lift

when walls are built in lifts no higher than 4ft

Split Face

A concrete masonry unit, split lengthwise by a machine after curing to produce a rough, fractured face texture.

Ribbed Split Face

Split faced and a consistent pattern

Ground Face

After curing, block surface is ground smooth, creating a polished surface

Glazed Blocks

Blocks that have been glazed to be a different color

Terracotta

unglazed, typically brownish-red earthenware, used chiefly as an ornamental building material

Glass Block

block that can be solid or hollow and made out of glass, max size 144 Sf to 250 Sf / must be laid in a stack bond / cannot be load bearing

Horizontal Reinforcing

Steel reinforcing that runs horizontally in a masonry wall in the form of either welded grids of small-diameter metal rods or larger conventional reinforcing bars

Joint Reinforcing

welded grids of small-diameter steel rods that are laid into the bed joints at set vertical intervals to control shrinkage, cracks, and increase the wall strength

Barrier Wall

A wall system that is intended to manage all water at the exterior surface

Drainage Walls

Walls that prevent water from getting behind or in the wall

Composite Masonry Walls

Solid masonry walls in which multiple wythes are bonded so they act as a unified mass

Masonry Cavity Walls

Multi-wythe, a continuous air space between wythes acts as an internal drainage plane, Water that penetrates the outer wythe runs down the cavity and is drained back to the exterior through weep holes

Cavity

minimum depth is 2 inches to allow space for mortar droppings to fall

Flashings

Continuous waterproof membranes that intercept water in the cavity and redirect it to the exterior

Weep Holes

small holes near the bottom of masonry walls to allow release of moisture accumulating in the walls

Dampproofing

An application of a water-resisting treatment or material to the surface of a concrete or masonry wall to prevent passage or absorption of water or moisture. Can also be accomplished by using an admixture in the concrete mix.

Cavity drainage material

A material placed in the airspace of a cavity wall to catch mortar droppings and prevent clogging of weep holes at the bottom of the cavity

Veneer wall

A wall made up of a single vertical thickness of masonry designed to improve the exterior appearance of a building.

Masonry Load Bearing Walls

carry gravity loads from floors and roofs, may be composite, cavity or single wythe

Reinforced Masonry Walls

Utilize steel reinforcing bars embedded in grout filled joints and cavities to aid the masonry in resisting stresses.

Post tensioned Masonry Walls

Utilizing high strength steel threaded rods or flexible tendons rather than conventionally reinforced with ordinary vertical reinforcing bars. After the wall is completed, the rods and tendons are tensioned to a taut condition to a horizontal steel plate at the top of the wall.

Steel and concrete decks with masonry bearing walls

spanning systems of structural steel, sitecast concrete, and precast concrete are used in combination with masonry bearing walls

Cavity drainage and flashings

through wall flashings are located above all interruptions in the cavity

External Flashings

prevent moisture from getting into the wall at vulnerable, exposed surfaces

Internal Flashings

catch water that has entered the wall and drains it through the weep holes

Base Flashing

overlaps with the counter flashing for the roof membrane

Counter Flashing

overlaps with the base flashing for the roof membrane

Reglet

A groove cut into mortar joint of a masonry wall to receive and secure flashings

Self-Adhered Flashing

A flexible, self-sticking flashing material, usually made of polymermodified asphalt laminated to a plastic backing, with preapplied adhesive on one side; more easily shaped and sealed at corners and laps

End Dams

lapped pieces of flashings in corners or junctions where flashings meet

Cavity Wall Vents

similar to weeps but located close to the top of the wall cavity; promote air movement through the cavity as an aid to dry

Dry Fill

using loose-fill material to fill the cores of hollow blocks

Proprietary CMU and insulation system

insulated with loose granular insulation or rigid foam inserts

Exterior Insulation and Finish System (EIFS)

panels of plastic foam that are attached to the masonry and covered with a thin, continuous layer of polymeric stucco reinforced with glass fiber mesh

Furring Strips

Thin strips fastened to walls or ceilings for leveling and for attaching finish surface material, usually wood or metal

Expansion and Contraction

Masonry expands and contracts with changes in temperature, moisture content, and structural loading

Building Joints

allow movement to occur without damage, close to corners

Non-movement joint

A connection between materials or elements that is not designed to allow movement between the parts.

Movement joint

Designed with the ability to adjust to expected motion without distress

Working joint

designed into various building materials and created in the normal process of assembly; designed to allow movement

Structure/Enclosure joint

A connection designed to allow the structure of a building and its cladding or partitions to move independently.

Isolation Joints

separate materials or assemblies that must be able to move independently without interfering with one another

Control Joints

Deliberately created lines of weakness where cracking will occur as a surface of brittle material shrinks, relieving the stress that would typically cause cracks

Expansion Joints

Open seams that can close and open to allow expansion and contraction to occur in adjacent areas of material

Building Separation Joints

divide a large or geometrically complex building mass into smaller, discrete structures that can move independently of one another

Volume-Change joints

placed at horizontal or vertical discontinuities in the massing of the building where cracking would most likely occur

Settlement Joints

designed to avoid distress caused by different rates of anticipated settlement between different proportions of a building

Seismic Separation Joints

used to divide a geometrically complex building into smaller units that can move independently of one another during an earthquake

Efflorescence

White, crystalline deposits on the surface of masonry that occur when the moisture within carries dissolved salts from the mortar; decreases over time

Mortar Joint Deterioration

joint are the weakest part of masonry; freezing and thawing causes the most harm

Spall

flakes of mortar splitting off in an accelerating process of destruction that eventually creates water leaks and loosens the masonry units

Repointing

The process of removing deteriorated mortar from the zone near the surface of a brick wall and inserting fresh mortar

Tuckpointing

A method of finishing masonry joints using mortars of different colors to artificially create the appearance of a more refined joint.

Clear Water Repellent

a coating applied to the exterior of masonry walls in order to avoid water entering the wall

Integral Water Repellent

can be added to the mortar to make it less porous

Wide Flange

The most commonly used shape for beams and columns

Channel

C shape beam

Angle

90 degree angle beam

Hollow Structural Section (HSS)

Hollow steel cylindrical or rectangular shapes used as structural members; also called structural tubing

Welds as connections

steel surfaces are heated up to a molten state, additional molten metal is added from the electrode to fully fuse the steel

Bolts as connections

low and high strength varieties

Tension Control Bolts

have protruding splined ends that extend beyond the threaded portion of the body of the bolt, when the required torque is met, the bud falls off

Load Indicating Washer (DTI)

placed under the head or nut of the bolt, as the bolt is tightened, protrusions on the washer are flattened

Torque Tests

using a torque wrench to find the force required to strat moving a tightened bolt or break it loose

Turn-of-nut method

nut is tightened some additional fraction of a turn after achieving a snug condition

UT weld test

using high frequency sound waves to inspect welds for internal flaws

Liquid Dye Penetrant

Applied over welds to inspect surface defects

X-ray weld test

using x-rays or gamma rays to create an image of the internal structure and search for defects

Visual weld test

direct inspection, with or without magnification

Fillet

easy to make, little joint preparation required

Double Fillet

easy to make, little joint preparation required, welds on both sides of the corner

Groove

Requires properly shaped and spaced joints

Moment Connection

A connection between two structural members that is resistant to rotation between the members and therefore capable of transmitting bending moments between the connected members

Shear Connection

A connection designed to resist only the tendency of one member to slide past the other in steel frame construction, a simple connection.

Braced Frame- Diagonal

diagonal bracing creates stable triangular geometry, can be constructed with shear connections (free to rotate)

Braced Frame- Eccentric

allows a plastic hinge conditions to develop during extreme seismic events, absorbing the dynamic energy of the event

Moment Resisting Frame

Some or all of the beam-column connections are moment connections capable of resisting rotations between the members, making the frame stable

Shear Walls

Rigid vertical walls or core structures that resist lateral forces, remainder of the frame relies on shear connections ; usually concrete, sometimes heavy steel plate

Concrete encased Steel

uncommon type of fireproofing