Life 103 Exam II - Terms mostly

what’s a cuticle

waxy substance on the outside of the leaf

not a cell

describe a sporophyte + ploidy

phase of life that spores are produced in; 2n

what types of organisms are sporophyte dominant?

everything except bryophytes (mosses)

describe a gametophyte and ploidy

phase of life gametes are produced in; n (haploid)

what are rhizoids?

root-like things that anchor nonvascular plants to the ground or surface they’re growing on

what is archegonia?

female reproductive structure in gymnosperm and bryophyte gametophyte stages

what is antheridia?

male reproductive structure in gymnosperm and bryophyte gametophyte stages

what is a zygote?

a freshly fused baby guy (opposed to an embryo or fetus, which have just been fertilized for longer)

what’s an egg

female gamete

whats a sperm

male gamete

what’s a seed

gametophyte product containing fertilized embryo and nutrient material to foster the embryo in dormancy and early life

what’s an ovule

structure inside the ovary that produces eggs and develops into a seed after fertilization

what’s integument

the protective covering around a seed

tl;dr on conifers

og gymnosperms that produce boy cones (little sad things) and girl cones (big woody things)

describe fertilization

egg sperm powow

what’s doube fertilization in a nutshell

angiosperms fertilize both egg and endosperm

what’s the carpel/pistil

umbrella term for ovary + stigma + style (female reproductive structure of a flower)

what’s the stigma

sticky part of girl flower reproductive structure that catches pollen

what’s the style

the stick that holds the stigma up and pollen goes down it

what’s an ovary

enlarged base of carpel/pistil that contains ovules and eventually turns into a fruit in angiosperms

what’s the stamen

umbrella term for all male reproductive structures in angiosperms; it includes anther and filament

what’s the anther

pollen producting structure

whats the fillament

stick that anther sits on

whats a petal

colorful flower leaf :O

what’s a sepal

leafish thing at bottom of a flower that encases the flower bud when it baby

what’s a fruit

a fruit dummy

whats pollen

structure that produces male gametes and a pollen tube

purpose of pollen tube

to inject the pollen sperms into the ovule

describe creature pollinators

bees and birds and butterflies and bats and monkey and flies etc etc

describe non creature pollinator

wind and water

what types of plants use creature pollinators

angiosperms

what types of plants use non creature pollinators

gymnosperms

describe alternation of generations

2n sporophyte develops sporangia and releases spores which develop into n gametophyte which releases gametes that form and turn into sporophyte

whats a megaspore

female spores

whats a microspore

male spores

what’s the generative cell

the cell inside a pollen that turns into sperm

whats the tube cell

cell inside pollen that turns into

what are the polar nuclei

the part of the central cell that are fertilized and form the endosperm

what are cotyledons

primary leaves that give nutrients to dicots; 2 = dicot, 1= monocot

what’s the pericarp

the fleshy part of fruits

what’s the seed bank

all the seeds in the ground that haven’t grown yet or died from a fire

what’s apomixis

asexual reproduction that results in a clone plant

what’s a perennial plant

comes back every year

whats an annual plant

when the plant completes it’s entire lifecycle and dies within a year

describe active transport

takes energy to move solutes in and out of a cell

what is a solute

thing dissolved in water

what is a symport

a membrane transport protein that moves two solutes simultaneously in the same direction (either both into or out of the cell)

what’s an ion channel

a transport protein that allows ions to move freely through it, usually in one direction only

describe osmosis

transport of water through a membrane influenced by concentration gradients

what is diffusion

movement of solutes or water across a membrane influence by concentration gradients

describe xylem: what/where

water moving vascular tissue that forms rings in trees as years progress

describe cross section of a monocot stem/roots

stem: randomly scattered xylem and phloem

roots: circular around the outside

describe the cross section of a dicot stem/root

stem: circular arounf the outside

root: X shaped

describe phloem: where/what

mineral and nutrient moving vascular tissue; on the outer ring of trees

what is pressure potential

pressure kept on water within a cell; turgor pressure

negative in zylem to keep water flowing up, positive elsewhere to keep rigid structure that stays standing

cell wall vs membrane

completely rigid, permeable structure that protects the cells; flexible semipermeiable barrier

what’s an aquaporin

transmembrane protein for water; makes osmosis go up to 1,000,000x faster

water cohesion is when ___ and causes ___

water sticks to itself and causes surface tension

water adhesion is when

water sticks to other things

what’s cavitation

the break in water pressure that ruins transpiration

what’s transpiration

movement of water up a plant to exchange water vapor for co2

what’s a guard cell

cell on the outside of stomata that decides if it opens or not

open = turgid guard cell; closed = flaccid

what’s a stoma

little pore on the underside of leaves that allows for gas exchange

what’s translocation

movement of one thing to another; source to sink

what’s phloem loading

sugars get pumped into the phloem and dissolved by water from nearby xylem and transported to sink

what are auxins and what do they have an effct on

plant growth hormones

cell elongation, tropisms, apical dominance, root initiation and fruit development

what is indoleacetic acid (IAA)

specific auxin that is primarily synthesized in the apices to elongate cell walls (done through an increase of acidity to weaken cell wall bonds)

what is a meristem

a cluster of unspecialized dividing cells usually found at tips of growth (apices)

describe indeterminant growth

growing for whole life

describe roots and their functions

nutrient and water absorption, anchoring

what’s a shoot

upward growth of plant/above ground bits

what is dermal tissue and what does it do

outermost cell layer meant to protect plant

what is ground tissue and what does it do

non vascular, non dermal tissue that does structural support, food storage, and photosynthesis

what’s vascular tissue and what does it do

phloem and xylem transport water and nutrients from roots and around the plant from source to sink

what is an apical meristem

undifferentiated cell at the tip of growth

what is a lateral meristem

undifferentiated cells that run along the shoot to aid in lengthening and widening

primary tissues

made by apical meristem to grow taller

secondary tissues

made by lateral meristem to grow wider and thicker (vascular cambium)

what is cutin

material that forms the cuticle and is secreted by epidermal cells

epidermal vs endodermal

epidermal: surface

endodermal: inner that regulates what reaches vascular system

what are root hairs

funky root cells that increase surface area for water absorption

what is a parenchyma cell

the fundamental cell type of plants

what are tracheid cells

dead, hollow cells used for transport

what are vessel cells

dead, hollow cells used for transport in angiosperms

tracheids vs vessel elements

both dead hollow cells for transport; tracheids in all vascular plants and vessel elements in more specialized angiosperms

what are sieve tube cells

a really empty cell that aids in the movement of sap in phloem

what are companion cells

the friend of sieve tube members that keep sieve tube members alive; STM are so empty and sad inside that they need another cell to do the homeostasis for them aww

whats a root cap

tip of roots that dies fast and regenerates fast to protect the delicate pieces from damage

what is secreted by the root cap

mucilage/mucigel

what is an amyloplast

organelles that convert sugars from photosynthesis into starches for long term storage

what is a terminal bud

main growth structure on plants

what’s an axillary bud

growth structure on plants that’s typically supressed and aids in growth of branches or leaves or flowers

what’s a node

point where leaves or branches attach to plant

what is an internode

space between connected leaves or branches on a plant

what is a petiole

the base of a leaf

what is a blade

flattened surface of the leaf

what’s a leaf scar

damage left behind after the leaf falls off

describe the zone of cell division

in root cells; contains root apical meristem where cells are reproduced mitotically

describe the zone of elongation

in root cells; cells just above the meristem absorb a lot of water and stretch, physically pushing the root downward

describe the zone of maturation

in root cells; highest region where cells differentiate and become ground, dermal, or vascular tissue