Exam 2 - child pychology

When does baby fat peak

9 months of age

cephalocaudal trend

head to tail growth, starts at the head and moves down

Marasmus

a condition of the body caused by a diet low in all essential nutrients, usually appears in the first year of life when mother is too malnourished to produce enough breast milk

Breast feeding

provides optimal nutrition, immune-boosting antibodies, lowers allergies and asthma and more

Neurons

nerve cells that store and transmit information all over your body to allow you to do everything

Neurotransmitters

Chemicals that cross the synapse in order to allow the neurons to send messages to one another

right side of the brain

handles spatial abilities, distances, shapes, maps, and negative emotions like distress

left side of the brain

verbal abilities, like spoken and written language, and positive emotion

assimilation

use current schemes to interpret the external world
i.e. infant calls a horse a "dog" because scheme says four-legged animal is a "dog"

accommodation

create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that our current way of thinking does not capture the environment completely

gross motor

Large-body movements that use the torso, arms, and legs. They require coordination of the skeletal muscles, bones, nerves, balance, and spatial awareness

Classical conditioning

Possible in a young infant. A neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that leads to a reflexive response.

operant conditioning

Infants act on the environment and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again.

Grasps – pincer

By the end of the first year, infants can use the thumb and index finger in a well-coordinated way

Grasps - ulnar

a clumsy motion in which a young infants fingers close against the palm

Order of movement abilities

turns from stomach to side, stomach to back, back to stomach

When can infants sit by themselves

32 weeks or 7 months

Greatest gains in visual acuity when?

between birth and 6 months of age

What do infants prefer to look at?

human faces

Habituation

Refers to the gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation.

Short-term memory store

We retain it briefly, pieces of information a person can hold in the mind for a few seconds

long term memory store

our permanent knowledge base

 Circular reaction

provides a special means of adapting their first schemes; involves stumbling onto a new experience cause by the baby's own motor activity. infant tries to repeat the event again and again

Object permanence

understanding that things continue to exist when out of sight

example of habituation

A newborn might startle and cry the first time a dog barks or the washing machine spins, but after hearing it many times without any negative consequence, they stop reacting

Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory

Focus on the influence of a child's social and cultural worlds on cognitive development, believes that Cognitive development is mostly the result of interactions and experiences

Zone of proximal development

a range of tasks too difficult for the child to do alone but possible with the help of adults and more skilled peers

Infantile amnesia

inability of adults to retrieve conscious, episodic memories (memories of specific events or life situations) from the first three to four years of life

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

measures cognitive abilities like logic, problem-solving, and pattern recognition

Bayley Scales of Infant Development – scales

Cognitive, Language, Motor, Social emotional, adaptive behavior

nativist

Humans are biologically pre-programmed with an innate capacity to acquire, develop, and understand language

Areas of brain dedicated to language

Broca and Wernicke, left cerebral hemisphere

Theories of language development

Order of preparing to speak

Expressive and referential language styles

Overextension

an example of operant conditioning

Parents use praise and treats to reinforce sharing or homework completion, while using time-outs or toy removal

an example of classical conditioning

Psychologists paired a loud, scary noise with a white rat until a young infant named Albert cried and showed fear just by seeing the white rat alone

Telegraphic speech

Erickson’s stages – the first 2

Strange situation – what does it measure

Styles of attachment

Ainsworth’s stages of attachment – separation anxiety

Institutionalized infants and attachment

Harlow’s monkey study – results

Social smile

When does rise in fear happen

Self-conscious emotions

Social referencing

Emotional regulation

Self-recognition happens when?

Temperament – definition and types

Goodness-of-fit model explains?

Categorical self

Proximodistal Trend

Trunk out growth, from the center of the body out

Kwashiorkor

a disease caused by an unbalenced diet that is very low in protein, usally occurs after weaning, between 1 and 3 years of age

fine motor

coordination of small muscles in the hands, wrists, fingers, feet, and toes to make precise, controlled movements

glial cells

responsible for myelination, the coating of neural fibers with an insulating fatty sheath called myelin that improves the efficiency of message transfers

Girls

often show an early advantage in fine motor precision, manual dexterity, and eye-hand coordination during early childhood

Boys

ften exhibit faster development or higher proficiency in certain gross motor activities like jumping, running, and ball-throwing/catching

order of movement abilitys

sits up, crawls, creeps, stands up, starts walking

Developmental Quotient (DQ)

assesses an infant or toddler's physical, cognitive, and social milestones relative to peer norms