PODA Exam 1 - Botanicals

Genus

a general name that may be shared by a number of related plants

Species

refers to the name that is specific to that individual plant

Crude drug

natural products, which are not pure compounds

Drug

a pure substance or combination of pure substances intended to mitigate, treat, cure or prevent a disease in humans

Herbs (Tyler)

crude drugs of vegetable origin utilized for the treatment of disease states, often of a chronic nature, or to attain or maintain a condition of improved health

Polyphenon E

a purified extract of tea approved by the FDA for the treatment of genital warts

Allopathy

treat symptoms of diseases primarily through prescription drugs

Ayurvedic Medicine

combines natural therapies with a highly personalized, holistic approach to the treatment of disease

Homeopathy

consist of remedies of diluted substances from plants, minerals and animals

based on the theory "like cures like"

Naturopathy

treats health conditions based on what is believed to be the body's innate ability to heal

Tribal Medicine

incorporates various methods of botanical and animals medicines as well as specific ceremonial rituals of a culture to cure a disease

Traditional Chinese Medicine

addresses how illness manifests itself in a patient and treats the patient, not the ailment or disease

Aromatherapy

uses essential oils extracted from medicinal plants to treat various health conditions

Pharmacognosy

study of natural products used as drugs or for the preparation of drugs

Phytochemicals

chemical compounds or chemical constituents formed in the plant's normal metabolic processes

Phytomedicinals

medicinal substances that originate from plants, including certain phytochemical as well as whole plants or herbal preparations

Phytoestrogens

a type of phytochemical with some influence on the estrogenic activity or hormonal system in humans

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

focuses on building machines capable of performing tasks that normally require human intellect, such as learning, reasoning and problem-solving

Decoction

boil plant material in water

Tincture

soak herbs in a dark place with either glycerine, alcohol or vinegar for 2 to 6 weeks

Percolation

a process to extract the soluble constituents of a plant with the assistance of gravity

Infusion

pour boiling or cold water over plant material, then allowed to steep

Essential Oils

aromatic volatile oils extracted from the leaves, stems, flowers, and other parts of plants

What are Oil in Water (O/W) creams composed of?

small droplets of oil dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase, more comfortable and cosmetically acceptable

What are Water in Oil (W/O) creams composed of?

small droplets of water dispersed in a continuous oily phase, more difficult to handle but more moisturizing

What are the ointment and gel examples provided in lecture?

Polyphenon E (for genital warts)

Filsuvez gel (for wounds)

What is DSHEA (Dietary Health and Supplement Eduction Act of 1994)?

covers the use, labeling and regulation of dietary supplements

What is the mission of the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements (ODS)?

to enhance the understanding of dietary supplements by evaluating scientific information

True or False: dietary supplements are regulated on a federal level by the FDA and the FTC as well as by certain state governmental agencies

True

What are the two major pieces of legislation that provided the FDA with regulatory authority?

-Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (1994)

-Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug Consumer Protection Act (2006)

True or False: dietary supplements do not need approval from the US FDA before they are marketed

True

Under DSHEA, what are the manufacturers responsible for?

evaluating the safety and labeling of their own products before marketing

What is the purpose of the Dietary Supplement and Nonprescription Drug Consumer Protection Act (2006)?

to be more responsive to reports of safety concerns with dietary supplements, serious adverse events must be passed on to the FDA within 15 business days

How is safety monitored by the FDA?

-voluntary adverse effect labeling

-labeling claims

-product literature products

What is the role of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC)?

a small independent law enforcement agency with a broad mandate to stop "unfair or deceptive acts of prejudices"

What are amino acids primarily sold for?

to satisfy the consumer intent to lose weight or to build muscle

Which non-botanicals are used in an attempt to increase human-growth hormone production?

arginine, lysine and ornithine

What are the 3 major groups of natural products (secondary metabolites)?

-isoprenoids

-phenolics

-alkaloids

Simple Isoprenoids (Terpenoids)

-based on the isoprene unit found in volatile oils

-volatile oils have some solubility in water and add flavor to herbal teas

Simple Phenols (Pheylpropanoids)

-consists of flavonoids (green tea)

-simple aromatic compounds with a propyl side chain

Alkaloids

-ex: atropine (has anticholinergic activity) and Berberine

-alkaloid free bases are soluble in high pH, alkaloid salts are soluble at low pH

Ephedra sinica

-used for ashma and nasal congestion

-interactions with other stimulants, concomitant use with coffee or tea, and other herbs/supplements with significant caffeine

Theobroma cacao

-used for asthma, bronchitis and as an expectorant

-risks: therapeutic and toxic dose narrow margin

Coffea (Coffee) and Camellia sinensis (tea)

-reversible airway obstruction in acute asthma, bronchitis and as an expectorant

-risks: therapeutic and toxic dose narrow margin

Eucalypti aetheroleum (Eucalyptus oil)

-inhalation used for cough and colds

Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor)

-inhalation used as a decongestant and antiseptic

Mentha (Menthol)

-decongestant used in nasal sprays and inhalers

-no evidence

-SE/toxicology: irritant and toxic in overdose

Thyme vulgaris L. and Thymus serpillum (Thyme)

-antitussive and expectorant

-can be used safely for 10 days max

Polygala senega (Seneca)

-expectorant and mucolytic

-GI irritation in prolonged use

Hedera helix L. (Ivy)

-bronchitis and catarrh

Cephaelis ipecacuanha A. (Ipecacuanha)

-used as an expectorant

-little clinical evidence

-major constituent is alkaloids, which are cytotoxic

Papaver somniferum (Opium)

-for cough, disturbed sleep and pain

-codeine constituent

-hepatic/renal impairment and increased risk or toxicity due to CYP2D6 metabolism

Sambucus nigra L. (Elder flowers)

-for cold and short duration of flu symptoms

Malva sylvestris L. (Mallow flower)

-for colds and coughs

Tussilago farfara L. (Coltsfoot)

-for coughs and wheezing

-hepatotoxicity in rats on high doses

Althea officinalis L. (Marshmallow leaf and root)

-used as a demulcent, expectorant and emollient

-no evidence

Boswellia serrata (Boswellia)

-systemic for asthma, allergic rhinitis and sore throat

-can cause epigastric pain, nausea and diarrhea

Coleus forskohlii (Coleus)

-systemic for asthma, allergies and eczema

-increased risk of bleeding and affected drug absorption

Borago officinalis (Borage)

-oral seed oil for acute respiratory distress syndrome

Ammi visnaga L. (Khella)

-for asthma/bronchitis/cough

E. pallida and E. purpurea Moench. (Echinacea)

-for respiratory and UTI

-limited clinical evidence as immunostimulant

Astragalus membranaceous (Astragalus)

-immunostimulant in cold and URIs

-antiviral and anti inflammatory activity

-should be avoided in patients with autoimmune diseases

What is the HED calculation?

HED = AD*[BWA/BHW]^(x-sf)

What is quality control?

a process employed to ensure a certain level of quality in a product in service

What is quality assurance?

the process in verifying or determining whether products or services meet or exceed customer expectations

Hypericum performatum (St Johns-Wort)

-mainly for mild to moderate depression

-evidence is limited and incomplete

-caution with blood thinners

What is involved in pre-clinical standardization?

-in vitro and in vivo testing

What is involved in clinical standardization?

-finding effective dosage in humans

-improve patient outcomes

What are the 4 major chemical classes of pure compound plant-derived drugs?

-Steroids

-Alkaloids

-Diterpenoids

-Sesquiterpenoids

What were the first plant-derived secondary metabolites to be used as drugs in western medicine?

cardiac glycosides and the alkaloids (they are either inherently water soluble or can be made as water soluble)

What does chemical space mean?

a term used to cover all known entities, regardless of whether they are of natural, synthetic or combinatorial origin

True or False: it has been suggested that essentially all natural products have some receptor-binding activity

True

What is Galantamine for?

mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease - slows the process of neurological degeneration

What is Colchicine for?

familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and gout flares - low doses for antiflammatory purposes

What is Cocaine Hydrochloride for?

used as a topical anesthetic for diagnostic procedures and surgery within the nasal cavities of adults

What is Huperzine A for?

-available in China for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's Disease

-available on the Internet in the US as a memory enhancer (nootropic agent)

What is Andrographolide for?

treating infections, treated mild symptoms of Covid-19

What is curcumin?

an antioxidant diarylheptanoid

What are the 2 main impairments of urinary flow in men health disorders?

-Prostatitis

-Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

What are the 2 western medications to address BPH?

-finasteride (decreases prostate size through hormonal manipulation)

-terazosin (diminishes smooth muscle tone)

What are the main botanicals in mens health?

-Saw Palmetto

-Stinging nettle/Nettle root

-Pygeum

-South African Star Grass

True or False: the FDA bans OTC drug products that claim to treat BPH

True

Serenoa repens (Saw Palmetto)

lowers urinary tract symptoms secondary to BPH, diminishes prostatic smooth muscle tone

*BLEEDING RISK*

Urtica dioica L (Stinging nettle)

-for urinary disorders associated with BPH

-contains high amount of vitamin K, dose adjustment may be needed for patients on anticoagulants

Prunus africana (Pygeum / African plum)

increases bladder contractility, well tolerated in humans during long term use

Hypoxis rooperi (South African Star Grass)

for bladder and urinary disorders

Yohimbe bark

wide reputation as a sexual stimulant

Opium poppy

treatment of impotence of neurological or psychogenic origin, must be given by intracavernosal injection

What is red sage for? (newer study)

cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disorders

True or False: both bioactive and inactive metabolites can be produced on the oral administration of a botanical product

True

What is Garcinia mangostana used for?

antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects, as well as possible cancer chemopreventative activities

What are the 2 classes of unsafe phytochemical?

-Antraquinones (Aloe vera and Senna)

-Pulegone

(Both are Group 2B)

Why is Castor Bean a poisonous plant?

no specific antidote and very easy to obtain

Why is Dumbcane a poisonous plant?

contains needle-shaped calcium oxalate cryals that cause burning sensation and erythema

Why is Daffodil a poisonous plant?

death can result if large quantities are consumed

Why is Jerusalem cherry a poisonous plant?

it contains a solanocapsine (toxic steroidal alkaloid)

Why is Jimson weed a poisonous plant?

contains dangerous levels of propane alkaloids, high risk in fatal overdose

Why is Mistletoe a poisonous plant?

contains the toxic lectin viscumin

Why is Oleander a poisonous plant?

contains cardiac glycosides

What is the carcinogenic criteria for Group 1?

agent is carcinogenic to humans