Ch. 7 - HS Med Terms

Urinary system and male reproductive system

kidneys

remove nitrogenous wastes created by protein use in the cells

nitrogenous wastes

Urea

• Creatinine

• Uric acid

renal pelvis

central collection region in the kidney

arteriole

small artery

bowman capsule

enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus

calyx or calix

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

catheter

tube for injecting or removing fluids

cortex

outer region

creatinine

waste product of muscle metabolism

electrolyte

a chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water

erythropoietin (EPO)

a hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate production if red blood cells by bone marrow

fitration

passive process whereby some substances pass through a filter or other material

glomerular capsule, Bowman's capsule

encloses glomerulus and collects the material filtered from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus

glomerulus

tiny ball of capillaries in the cortex of kidney

hilum

depression/opening in the part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

kidney

one of two bean-shaped organs behind the abdominal cavity

meatus

opening or canal

medulla

inner region of an organ

micturition

urination

nephron

the functional unit of the kidney where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place

nitrogenous waste

substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine

urine

urea, uric acid, and creatinine

potassium (K+)

an electrolyte important to body processes

reabsorption

renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream

renal artery

blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

renal tubule

microscopic tube in the kidney in which urine is formed after filtration

renal vein

blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heartren

renin

an ezymatic hormone secreted by the kidney that raises blood pressue

sodium (Na+)

an electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys

trigone

triangular area in the urinary bladder in which ureters enter and the urethra exits

urea

major nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine

ureter

tube leading from each kidney to the urinary bladder

urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

uric acid

a nitrogenous waste product excreted in the urine

urinary bladder

hollow muscular sac that holds and stores urine

urination

process of expelling urine

voiding

emptying of urine from the urinary bladder

Glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

interstitial nephritis

inflammation of the connective tissue, caused by drugs and trated with corticosteroids

nephrolithiasis

kidney stones (renal calculi)

nephrotic syndrome

excessive protein loss in the urine

polycystic kidneys (PKD)

multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within the kidneys

pyelonephritis

inflamed renal pelvis & renal medulla

Renal failure

failure to excrete wastes & maintain filtration function

Renal Hypertension

resulting from kidney disease

Renal Cell Carcinoma ( hypernephroma)

malignant tumor of the kidney in adults

wilms tumor

malignant kidney tumor seen in childhood

bladder cancer

more common in men, smokers over 50 years old, individuals exposed to dyes and leather tanning agents

diabetes insipidus (DI)

inadequate secretion or utilization of antidiuretic hormone

diabetes mellitus (DM)

inadequate secretion or utilization of insulin

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

measurement of urea levels in blood;

typically, low because of continual excretion. In kidney disease/failure

urea accumulates in blood causing unconsciousness and death

Creatinine Clearance Tes

tests excretory function of the kidney; if too

much creatinine in the blood, kidney is not functioning properly

CT Urography

X-ray images obtained using computed tomography show

multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney

Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder

(KUB)

X-ray examination (without

contrast) of the kidneys, ureters

and bladder

Renal Angiogram

X-ray examination (with contrast)

of the blood vessels of the

kidney

Retrograde Pyelogram

X-ray image of the renal

pelvis and ureters after

injection of contrast through

a urinary catheter into the

ureters from the bladder

VOIDING CYSTOURETHROGRAM (VCUG)

The bladder is filled with contrast material via a catheter, followed by x-ray

imaging and voiding during fluoroscopic exam.

Ultrasonography

imaging urinary tract structures using high frequency

sound waves

Radioisotope Scan

image of kidney after injecting a radioisotope (that

concentrates in the kidney) into the bloodstream

MRI urography

magnetic field used to produce images in all three planes of

the body

Cystoscopy

direct visual examination of the urinary bladder with a

Cystoscope

Dialysis

Process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood to help

control BP and maintain balance of sodium and potassium

– Used to treat acute or chronic renal failure and some cases of drug use

Hemodialysis

The most common method used to treat advanced and permanent kidney

failure

– Blood is allowed to flow, a few ounces at a time, through a special filter

that removes wastes and extra fluids, and clean blood is then returned to

the body

– Most patients go to a dialysis center three times a week for approx. 3 to 5

hours each visit

Peritoneal Dialysis

A catheter is used to fill the abdomen with dialysis solution

– The peritoneum allows waste products and extra fluid to pass from the blood

into the dialysis solution. The solution contains a sugar called dextrose that

will pull wastes and extra fluid into the abdominal cavity

– Wastes and fluid leave the body when the dialysis solution is drained

– The process of draining and filling takes about 30 to 40 minutes; The period

the dialysis solution is in the abdomen is called the dwell time. A typical

schedule calls for four exchanges a day, each with a dwell time of 4 to 6 hours.

Lithotripsy

a procedure using shock waves to break up stones in the kidney,

bladder, or ureter, into tiny pieces to help pass the stones out of the body

through urine

Renal angioplasty

a procedure used to widen the renal arteries to treat

renal artery stenosis

Renal biopsy

a medical procedure in which a small piece of kidney is

removed from the body for microscopic examination which provides

information needed to diagnose, monitor or for treatment

Renal transplant

organ transplant of a kidney into a patient with end-

stage renal disease. Can be obtained from a deceased-donor or living-

donor.

Urinary catheterization

a urinary catheter is inserted into a patient's bladder

via the urethra and allows the patient's urine to drain freely from the bladder

for collection