Heidi midterm of doom and despair

The 3 graces

Poetry, Painting, Gardening

Earl of Shaftesbury

Wrote The Moralists, Your Genius, the genius of the Place, and the Great Genius have at last prevailed

Joesph Addison

Alexander pope

Use of follies

• demonstrated an owner's wealth because they were buildings without a functional purpose

• They helped created scenes that looked like landscape paintings by Claude Lorrain and similar artists

• The buildings referenced classical cultures that the English people and culture admired

• As visual focal points, they helped move people through the garden.

What is an allegory

A narrative with a meaning associated with it

T or F Kent was a painted before a landscape gardener

True

T or F: Capability brown believed a landscape gardener could improve the work of nature

True

Pricaples of design by capability brown

• plant lots of trees and scrubs (esp. around edges of property)

• Hide flower and vegetable gardens

• Use ha-has instead of fences

Who designed Rousham

Designed: bridgmend

Redesigned: William kent

Alexander pope said “All gardening is ____________.”

Landscape painting

Who designed stourhead

Henry Hoare

What garden is this?

Rousham

what garden is this?

Stourhead

• scenographic

• Allegory of the Aeneid

• Multivalent (has multiple meanings)

What garden is this

Stowe

• designed by: bridgmend

• Redesigned by: Kent, CB

• Many architectural features to guide you through landscape

• Elysian Fields

• Grecian valley

• Pleasure garden

What garden is this? (Hint: part of another garden)

Stowe- pleasure garden

Capability browns ultimate message

The best thing we can do is to improve nature

What landscape is this?

Blenheim palace

• major redesign by capability brown

Beautiful

• smooth

• Delicate

• Harmonious

Sublime

• rough

• Violent

• Vast

• Primitive

Picturesque

• variety

• Roughness

• Irregularity

• Suitability of painting (or photo)

T or F: Rousseau believed in original sin, humans are born corrupt

False

Rousseau

• Enlightenment thinker

• humans are born inherently good

• Humans become corrupted by society nature is a source of virtue

• French designer

T or F: ELSG did not have Chinese elements; only French picturesque landscapes had Chinese features

False

Humphrey repton

• CB’s successor

• Made the first LA advertisement (red book)

• Established Moderna techniques like a scale bar

• Theory of landscape utility (not paintings but useful)

red books (Humphrey repton)

• An advertisement/ form of marketing tool

• A book of recommendations for improving a landscape

• brandsbury (the first red book)

• Glemham

• Ashridge

• Endsleigh

• Hare street cottage

Enclosure

A means of shifting property ownership in the late 18th and early 19th century (beggings of industrialization)

Enclosure

A means of shifting property ownership in the late 18th and early 19th century (beggings of industrialization)

What does “fermee ornee” mean

Ornamental farm

exoticism in a landscape design of the 18th and early 19th century

Incorporating elements from different t cultures into a garden design

What landscapes is this?

• Monceau (big image)

• Stourhead (small image, inspired Monceau)

What landscape is this?

Monceau

• designer: Carmontelle

• “Landscape of illusion” (pays d’illusion)

What does “hameau” mean

Hamlet

Gesamtkunstwerk

• German word

• “Total work of art”

• Term by Puckler-Muskau

Similarities between French and English picturesque

• breakdown of formal geometries

• Use of winding paths

• Use of water

• Use of follies/ ruins

Differences between French and English picturesque

• French comes later

• French gardens are smaller, urban

• Use of miniaturization

• French us more exotic

• French imagery of decay

German landscape gardens

• smaller

• Forests/forestry

• Social/political conditions

What book did Christian clay lorenz hirschfeld write?

Theory of garden art

Gartenkunst - garden art

Volksgarten

Garden of the people

• Public garden/ promenade

Gardenesque

A design style that added ornamentation and botanical interest to the picturesque style of the ELGS

ELGS

English Landscape Gardening School

Characteristics of the Industrial Revolution (urban conditions)

• enclosure → people leave land

  • Moving to cities for work

  • Cities grow rapidly

  • No sewers → water pollution

  • More factories → air pollution

Which landscape had one of the first transverse roads?

Birkenhead park

4 means that Baron Von Haussmann used to improve the public health, the circulation and function, and the appearance of the city of Paris

1. Streets

2. Buildings

3. Services

4. Parks

Bourgeoisie

The middle class “the new rich”

What garden is this

Englischer Garten

• located in Munich Germany

• Designed by Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell

What landscape is this?

Muskau

• family estate

• Designed by price Herman von Puckler-Muskau

What landscape is this?

Tiergarten

• located in Berlin

• Picturesque waterways

How does German picturesque differ from French?

• cultural shifts

• Variations in form

  • large → small

  • Beautiful → picturesque

  • Exotic → patriotic

• transition to public service

John Claudius Loudon

• designs for the middle class

• Repton successor

• Popularizes landscape gardening

• One of the firsts to make a planting plan

What landscape is this?

Derby Arboretum

• Designed by John Loudon

• Plants > Follies

• not fully public

Breathing spaces

• Loudon’s idea

• Plan to have a park every mile of a city

What landscape is this?

Birkenhead park

• First public park

• Designed by Joseph Paxton

• Transverse road (helps with circulation )

• Circuit drive (helps with circulation)

What park is this?

Crystal palace

• designed by Loudon and Paxton

• Greenhouse

Joseph Paxton

• wrote “Horticultural Register”

• Expands gardens, creates greenhouses

• designed Birkenhead park and crystal palace

Joseph Paxton

• wrote “Horticultural Register”

• Expands gardens, creates greenhouses

• designed Birkenhead park and crystal palace

What landscape is this?

Bois de Boulogne

• public park for bourgeoisie

What landscape is this?

Parc des Buttes Chaumont

• Island and temple of Sibyll

List these landscapes in order from oldest to newest: Birkenhead park, Marylebone park, Buttes Chaumont, Derby Arboretum

1. Marylebone park

2. Derby arboretum

3. Birkenhead park

4. Buttes Chaumont

Impressionism

Paintings of urban landscapes and leisure activities