Uses and Misuses of Statistics

Sample Selection

You must first consider the sample that was used in the research study. (Does not represent the whole population *size, volunteers, convenience, or specific characteristics must be evaluated to determine if the sample is biased or representative.

Ambiguous Averages

This would use the Central Tendencies we have discussed; Selecting the average that lends the most evidence to support their position (mean, median, mode)

Changing the Subject

This is where different values are used to represent the same data; this can mislead the interpretation of results or hide important information.

Detached Statistics

A claim that uses a detached statistic is one in which no comparison is made (it presents a numerical figure without context, making it difficult to understand its significance or relevance. Detached statistics can be used to mislead or provide a skewed understanding of the data)

Implied Connection

Claims attempt to imply that there is a connection between variables that may not actually exist (or are based on weak evidence. This can lead to incorrect conclusions about causation rather than correlation)

Faulty Survey Questions

Questions may be phrased to influence the way people answer (or lead respondents to a particular response. This can bias the results and affect the validity of the survey data)

Misleading Graphs

Graphs can be used to visually represent the data or information that you are trying to show your audience but can mislead if the scales are distorted or if the data is selectively presented. (This can result in incorrect interpretations of the data)

Omitting the Baseline

Does not start at zero

Manipulating the Y axis

involves altering the scale of the Y axis in graphs to exaggerate or downplay differences in data, leading to misleading conclusions.

Cherry Picking Data

the practice of selectively presenting data that supports a specific argument while ignoring data that may contradict it, resulting in a biased interpretation.

Using the Wrong Graph

occurs when a graph is inappropriate for the data being presented, which can lead to misinterpretation of the results or trends.

Going Against Conventions