VOCAB PRACTICE for Biology 8

Taking in food into digestive cavity

ingestion

Breaking down of food into smaller particles

digestion

Carbohydrates are broken down into

disaccharides/dextrin then monosaccharides

Proteins are broken down into

polypeptides then amino acids

Fats are broken down into

fatty acid chains and glycerols

Nucleic acids are broken down into…

nucleases then nitrogenous bases

Physical break down of food to increase surface area to be exposed to enzymes

Mechanical Fragmentation

Break down of food molecules into smaller particles to be absorbed by body

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Process of transporting molecules from digestive system to blood stream

Absorption

Process where undigested materials are expelled through anus

Elimination

Part of digestive tract external to all body tissues, separated from bloodstream by epithelium

Lumen

Four layers of alimentary canal

Inner —> outer

mucosa (simple, cuboidal epithelial tissue)

submucosa (loose connective tissue)

muscularis (smooth muscle tissue)

outer layer of connective tissue

What cell do food particles/molecules have to pass through to get to capillary?

mucosal cell

slow, rhythmic movement of muscle to propel food along alimentary canal

Peristalsis

Muscular valves that manage the passage of digestive content from one region to the next

Sphincters

First 25cm of small intestine

Duodenum

Junction between stomach and duodenum, controls the passageway of digestive content/acid chyme into small intestine

Pyloric Sphincter

Junction between esophagus and stomach, ensuring digestive content in stomach does not go back into esophagus

Esophageal Sphincter

Weak esophageal sphincter leads to

heart burn

List accessory glands (produce store and secrete enzymes and fluids to help with digestion or absorption)

1. Salivary Glands

2. Liver and Gallbladder

3. Pancreas

Digestive process of pretty much everything except long chain fatty acids

Oral Cavity

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Apical PM of mucosal cell

Basal PM of mucosal cell

Interstitial Fluid

Apical PM of capillary cell

Basal PM of capillary cell

Bloodstream

Hepatic Portal Vessel

Apical PM of capillary cell

Basal PM of capillary cell

Liver

Digestive process of long chain fatty acids

Oral Cavity

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Micelle secreted in lacteal

Lymphatic system

Bloodstream

Liver

Mechanical fragmentation in oral cavity

chewing

Enzymatic Hydrolysis in Oral Cavity

Saliva containing salivary amylase

Protein coated with sugar/polysaccharides

Glycoprotein

Glycoprotein that makes food slippery to decrease frction when swallowing

mucin

Tongue rolls up food into a…

bolus

Opening in larynx (voice box)

Glottis

To prevent food from going down trachea, there is a flap that covers the opening to the larynx called…

Epiglottis

In stomach, what secretes gastric juices?

Mucosa cells

Gastric juice in stomach contains…

HCl, pepsinogen, and mucus

pH in stomach is (what number) and what does it do?

2; kills bacteria and breaks down extracellular matrixes of food

Inactive form/precursor of an active enzyme

Zymogen

Zymogen that is inactive so stomach cells do not get digested.

Pepsinogen

Enzyme activated by acid hydrolysis (cleaving by HCl)

Pepsin

Breaks some peptide bonds, breaking down proteins into smaller peptides (not fully into amino acids yet)

Pepsin

Pepsin and Pepsinogen is produced where?

Stomach

Secreted by stomach wall cells to protect itself from acidic environment

mucus

Mixture of food and gastric juices

stomach chyme

Why does stomach churn food

So more food molecules can be exposed to pepsin

Enzyme’s specific ranges of operation at certain pH and acidities

pH optimum

Where does the majority of enzymatic hydrolysis take place?

Small Intestine

Where is the majority of hydrolytic enzymes produced?

Pancreas

What does pancreas secrete so that pH becomes 7-8?

Sodium bicarbonate (a buffer)

Where is pH = 7-8

pancreas

First part of colon; pouch between small and large intestine where symbiotic bacteria break down undigestible contents

Cecum (Caecum)

Name all enzymes used in hydrolysis of carbohydrates

Pancreatic Amylase

Maltase

Sucrase

Lactase

Where are disaccharidases produced?

small intestine

Where is enzyme that breaks dextrins down into maltose produced?

pancreas (enzyme: pancreatic amylase)

Name all enzymes used in hydrolysis of proteins

Trypsin

Chymotrypsin

Carboxypeptidase

Aminopeptidase

Dipeptidase

Enterokinase

What are the proteinase zymogens?

Trypsinogen

Chymotrypsinogen

Procarboxypeptidase

Trypsinogen, Chymotrypsinogen, and Procarboxypeptidase are examples of what

Proteinase zymogens

Where are proteinase zymogens prodcued?

Pancreas

Where is aminopeptidase produced?

small intestine

Where is dipeptidase produced?

small intestine

Where is enterokinase produced?

small intestine

Enzyme that breaks down Nucleic Acids into nucleotide sequences

nuclease

Where is nuclease produced?

pancreas

Enzyme that breaks lipids down into glycerol and fatty acids

Lipase

Where is lipase produced?

Pancreas

What breaks down fat droplets into smaller ones, increasing surface area to be attacked by enzymes?

Bile salts (made in liver, stored in gallbladder)

Highly folded apical plasma membrane of mucosal cells in small intestine

microvilli

Inner surface of small intestine folded into ridges covered by microscopic, ingerlike extentions

Villi

blood vessel that carries nutrients in blood from digestive tract directly into the liver

Hepatic Portal Vessel

Carrier protein that transports 3 Na+ out of and 2 K+ into cell

Na+/K+ ATPase

Carrier protein that allows Na+ to move into cell (favoring gradient) while also allowing Glucose (against gradient) in

Na+/Glucose cotransporter

Carrier protein in the basal plasma membrane of mucosal cells that transports glucose out of cell and into interstitial fluid

GLUT-2

Carrier protein in apical plasma membrane of mucosal cells that transports glucose into cell, following gradient

GLUT-2

cluster of hydrophobic materials carried by proteins

micelle

bacteria in fermentation chambers that break down food for plant eaters

foregut fermenters

plant eaters with enlarged cecum and colon to break down food

hindgut fermenters

multichambered stomachs where symbiotic microorganisms hydrolyze cellulose for fermentation reactions

Ruminant Digestion

Maltase targets ____ to produce ____

maltose to produce two glucose

Lactase targets ____ to produce

lactose to produce Galactose and Glucose

Sucrase targets _____ to produce _____

sucrose to produce Fructose and Glucose

Pancreatic amylase targets ____ to produce____

dextrin to produce maltose

Trypsin and Chymotrypsin both target _____ to produce _______

amino acids to produce smaller peptide chains

Carboxypeptidase targets _____ to produce ______

polypeptides to produce amino acids

Aminopeptidase targets ______ to produce ______

polypeptides to produce smaller peptide chains and free amino acids???

Dipeptidase targets _____ to produce _____

dipeptides to produce two amino acids

Enterokinase targets _____ to produce ______

trypsinogen to produce trypsin

Lipase targets ______ to produce _______

lipids to produce glycerol and fatty acids

Nuclease targets _____ to produce ______

nucleic acids to produce nucleotide sequences

Source of O2

Respiratory Medium

Epithelium in which gas exchange takes place

Respiratory Surface

Advantages of Air as a source for O2

1. Greater amounts of O2

2. Faster diffusion rates for gas compared to liquid

3. Uses less energy for ventilation

4. Concentration remains relatively constant with temperature change in air

Disadvantage of Air as a source for O2

Water loss

Types of respiratory organs

Skin

Gills

Trachea

Lungs

Gill structures

Gill arches —> 2 columns of Gill filaments —> covered with Lamellae

blood supply flows in opposite direction of respiratory medium

Counter-current exchange

Venitlation by swimming with mouth open

Ram Ventilaition

Ventilation by opening and closing mouth, forcing movement of water across gills to operculum

Stationary Ventilation

Is Ventilation in fish positive or negative pressure

both

When blood and respiratory medium flows in the same direction

Co-current exchange

What are the respiratory organs of annelids (earthworms, segmented worms, leeches)

Skin

Respiratory organ of frogs

Skin

Respiratory organs of fish, most aquatic species

Gills

Respiratory organs of terrestrial insects

Trachea

Respiratory organ of spiders, vertebrates, and snails,

Lungs

Air movement in mammals

Nasal Cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchioles (23 levels)

Alveoli