Eukaryote interior

Nucleolus

• In the nucleus

• Made of protein

• Synthesizes rRNA

• Assembles ribosome subunits for export

Nuclear envelope

• Made of 2 phospholipid bilayers (double membrane) with perninuclear space

Chromatin

• DNA wrapped around protein

• Make chromosomes

• Genes distributed in linear chromosomes (minimum 1)

• Each chromosome occupies its own space

Male Jack Jumper ant

Have a single chromosome (the females have 2)

Perninuclear space

Fluid filled intermembrane space in nuclear envelope

Nuclear pore complex

• Large protein “baskets”

• imports nucleic acids and proteins

• Exports mRNA and ribosomal subunits

Osteoclasts

• Bone cells

• Many nuclei

RBC nucleus

They dont have one, lose it in development

80s ribosome

• Make protein

• Can exist as free units in cytosol of stick to ER

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Synthesizes proteins to be exported from the cell

• Covered in ribosomes

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Synthesizes lipids, including sterols

• A place to put membrane proteins (usually enzymes)

Drugs processed in the ER

• Caffeine (CYP1A2 enzyme)

• Morphine (UGT2B7)

Endomembrane system

Nuclear envelope, rough & smooth ER, vesicles & vacuoles, golgi apparatus, lysosomes & peroxisomes, plasma membrane

Endomembrane system transport

Transport vesicles bud from source compartment and carry the contents to a target compartment

Golgi apparatus

• Stacks of flattened vacuoles

• Modify & distribute proteins made by ER

• Contains cisternae

Cisternae

Give rise to vesicles

Cis face of Golgi apparatus

Receiving side

Trans face of Golgi apparatus

Shipping side

Lysosomes

• Only in animals

• Digest macromolecules using enzymes to hydrolyse them

• Vesicle sized

• Digest broken organelles by autophagy

Peroxisomes

• Digest molecules, specifically ones that generate toxic byproducts (ex: hydrolysis of fatty acids produces h2o2)

Mitochondria

• Responsible for cellular respiration

• Have own flavour of ribosome

Centrioles

• Made of 9 triplets of tubulin tubed

• Essential for cell division

• Only in animals

• 1 centrosome = 2 centrioles

Central vacuole

• Only in plants

• Mostly contains water

• Store nutrients & regulate osmotic pressure

Central vacuole

• Only in plants

• Mostly contains water

• Store nutrients & regulate osmotic pressure

Chloroplast

• Only in plants

• Contains ribosomes

• Outer & inner membrane with intermembrane space

• Thylakoid membrane forms an internal membrane system

Granum

A stack of thylakoid membrane

Issues with cell diagrams

• Organelles drawn too big & too few

• Specialized cells drawn with all organelles when they may lack one or more types of organelles

Plastids

• Only in plants

• Arise from proplastid and develop into specialized structures (ex: chloroplast)

Is the cell static?

No, organelles can move. Chloroplasts especially, they can easily be seen too.