WJEC Educas geography B

Term: Urbanisation

Definition: An increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.

Term: Urban area

Definition: A built

Term: Rural area

Definition: An area of countryside with relatively low population density.

Term: Global city

Definition: A city that has major influence over the world's economy, politics and culture.

Term: Megacity

Definition: A city with a population of more than 10 million people.

Term: Natural population change

Definition: The difference between the number of births and deaths in a population.

Term: Migration

Definition: The movement of people from one place to another to live.

Term: Rural

to

Term: International migration

Definition: The movement of people between countries.

Term: Push factor

Definition: Something that encourages people to leave a place, such as unemployment or conflict.

Term: Pull factor

Definition: Something that attracts people to a place, such as jobs, education or healthcare.

Term: Rural deprivation

Definition: A lack of access to income, services and opportunities in the countryside.

Term: Re

urbanisation

Term: Urban growth

Definition: An increase in the population or physical size of a town or city.

Term: Urban sprawl

Definition: The outward spread of a city into surrounding countryside.

Term: Suburbanisation

Definition: The growth of residential areas on the edges of a city.

Term: Counter

urbanisation

Term: Population density

Definition: The number of people living per unit of area, usually per square kilometre.

Causes and effects of city growth Term: Employment opportunities

Definition: Jobs that attract people to cities from other areas.

Term: Better services

Definition: Access to education, healthcare, transport and other facilities that can attract migrants.

Term: Informal employment

Definition: Work that is not fully regulated or protected by formal employment laws and systems.

Term: Informal settlement

Definition: A residential area where housing is often built without formal planning or secure legal ownership.

Term: Squatter settlement

Definition: An area where people occupy land or housing without formal permission.

Term: Slum

Definition: A densely populated urban area with inadequate housing, services or infrastructure.

Term: Deprivation

Definition: A lack of resources or opportunities needed for an acceptable standard of living.

Term: Infrastructure

Definition: The basic systems and facilities a place needs, such as roads, water pipes, electricity and sewers.

Term: Traffic congestion

Definition: A situation where too many vehicles use a road, causing slow

Term: Air pollution

Definition: Harmful substances released into the atmosphere.

Term: Waste management

Definition: The collection, treatment, recycling and disposal of waste.

Term: Housing shortage

Definition: A situation where there are not enough suitable homes for the population.

Term: Social inequality

Definition: Differences between groups in their access to income, services and opportunities.

Term: Cultural diversity

Definition: The presence of different cultures, languages, religions and traditions in a place.

Term: Urban regeneration

Definition: The improvement of a declining urban area through investment and redevelopment.

Managing urban growth Term: Self

help scheme

Term: Slum clearance

Definition: The demolition of poor

Term: Affordable housing

Definition: Housing that people on lower or average incomes can reasonably afford.

Term: Mass transit

Definition: Public transport systems that move large numbers of people, such as metro trains and bus rapid transit.

Term: Bus rapid transit

Definition: A bus system using dedicated lanes or other measures to provide faster and more reliable journeys.

Term: Sustainable city

Definition: A city that meets people's needs while reducing environmental damage and conserving resources.

Term: Green space

Definition: An area of vegetation within a settlement, such as a park or garden.

Term: Urban sustainability

Definition: Managing a city so that it remains environmentally, socially and economically viable over time.

Term: Recycling

Definition: Processing waste materials so they can be used again.

Term: Renewable energy

Definition: Energy from sources that are naturally replenished, such as sunlight and wind.

Term: Integrated transport

Definition: Different transport systems connected to make journeys easier and more efficient.

Term: Quality of life

Definition: A person's overall wellbeing, including health, income, housing, safety and access to services.

Global city case studies Term: City case study

Definition: A detailed example of a city used to explain growth, opportunities, challenges and management strategies.

Term: LIC

Definition: A low

Term: NIC

Definition: A newly industrialised country experiencing rapid industrial and economic development.

Term: HIC

Definition: A high

Term: Economic opportunity in a growing city

Definition: The chance to find employment, start a business or earn a higher income.

Term: Challenge in a growing city

Definition: A problem caused or worsened by urban growth, such as housing shortages or congestion.

Term: Sustainable urban management

Definition: Planning and managing a city to improve living standards while limiting environmental damage.

Term: Urban decline

Definition: The loss of population, jobs and investment from a town or city.

Term: Deindustrialisation

Definition: The decline of manufacturing and heavy industry in an area.

Term: Post

industrial economy

Term: Service sector

Definition: The part of the economy providing services, such as education, healthcare, retail and finance.

Term: Regeneration

Definition: Investment and improvements intended to revive a declining area.

Term: Gentrification

Definition: The improvement of a poorer urban neighbourhood as wealthier residents and investment move in, potentially raising house prices.

Term: Brownfield site

Definition: Land that has previously been developed, often for industry or housing.

Term: Greenfield site

Definition: Land that has not previously been built on, often open countryside.

Term: Rural depopulation

Definition: A decrease in the population of a rural area.

Term: Rural diversification

Definition: The development of new economic activities in rural areas to reduce dependence on traditional industries.

Term: Commuting

Definition: Regular travel between home and work or education.

Term: Commuter settlement

Definition: A place where many residents travel elsewhere for work.

Term: Counter

urbanisation

Term: Rural rebranding

Definition: Changing how a rural place is presented to attract visitors, businesses or investment.

Term: Tourism economy

Definition: Economic activity that depends on visitors spending money in an area.

Term: House price inflation

Definition: A rise in property prices over time.

Term: Housing affordability

Definition: How easily people can afford to buy or rent a home relative to their income.

Term: Urban deprivation

Definition: Poor living conditions or limited opportunities experienced by people in urban areas.

Term: Transport links

Definition: Connections such as roads, railways and bus routes that allow people and goods to move.

Term: Regional inequality

Definition: Differences in wealth, employment and living standards between regions.

The UK's changing economy Term: Primary industry

Definition: An industry that extracts raw materials, such as farming, fishing and mining.

Term: Secondary industry

Definition: An industry that processes raw materials into manufactured goods.

Term: Tertiary industry

Definition: An industry that provides services, such as retail, transport and tourism.

Term: Quaternary industry

Definition: An industry based on knowledge and information, such as research and advanced technology.

Term: Economic restructuring

Definition: A major change in the types of jobs and industries that dominate an economy.

Term: Globalisation

Definition: The increasing connection and interdependence of countries through trade, investment, migration and communication.

Term: Foreign direct investment

FDI)

Definition: Investment by a company or individual in business operations in another country.

Term: Multinational corporation

MNC)

Definition: A company that operates in more than one country.

Term: Enterprise zone

Definition: An area where incentives may be offered to encourage businesses to invest and create jobs.

Term: Skills gap

Definition: A mismatch between the skills employers need and the skills available in the workforce.

Term: Unemployment

Definition: The situation in which people who are able and willing to work cannot find a job.

Term: Economic diversification

Definition: Developing a wider range of industries to reduce reliance on one sector.

Term: Multiplier effect

Definition: When an initial investment creates further spending, jobs and income in the local economy.

Term: Sustainable development

Definition: Development that meets present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs.

Term: Infrastructure investment

Definition: Spending on transport, utilities, digital connections and other essential systems.

Term: Skills training

Definition: Education or training that prepares people for available jobs.

Term: Enterprise

Definition: The creation and development of a business or economic activity.

Term: Economic diversification strategy

Definition: A plan to develop new industries and reduce reliance on declining sectors.

Term: Brownfield redevelopment

Definition: Reusing previously developed land for new buildings or facilities.

Term: Sustainable transport

Definition: Transport that reduces environmental impacts, such as walking, cycling and public transport.

Term: Local economic development

Definition: Activities intended to increase employment, investment and prosperity in a local area.

Term: Social regeneration

Definition: Improvements to education, health, housing and community wellbeing in an area.

Term: Environmental regeneration

Definition: Improving the quality of the local environment, including derelict land and polluted areas.

Term: Development

Definition: Improvements in people's economic conditions, health, education and overall quality of life.

Term: Development gap

Definition: The difference in development and living standards between places or groups of people.

Term: Gross Domestic Product