Lung Volumes and Capacities

Not all air entering the nares is exchanged in the lungs, because of the _____ ______ _____ ( ) of the conducting zone

anatomical dead space (ADS)

Inspiratory Muscles

quiet

External intercostals, diaphragm

Inspiratory muscles

forced - SISSPE

Scalenes, Internal intercostals (cartilage, Parts), Sternocleidomastoid, Pectoralis minor, (serratus anterior), Erector spinae

scalenes

• forced Inspiratory muscles

  
  

cartilage parts

internal intercostals

• forced inspiratory muscles

Boyle’s law:

A pressure of a gas is ________ proportional to its ______

inversely, volume

When you inhale, the volume of your thoracic cavity ______, which _______ the pressure inside your lungs

increases, decreases

which pleura is on the lung surface?

Visceral pleura

which pleura is along inside of rib cage, at body wall?

Parietal pleura

Pleurae reduce _____, assist in lung ______, help prevent ______ from spreading through _______

friction, inflation, infection, mediastinum

breaths per minute, bpm

Respiratory Rate

Minute Respiratory Rate (MRV) is ___ ______ breathed in 1 minute, 

air volume

MRV (minute respiratory rate) = 📺 😮‍💨

MRV = TV × RR

Alveolar Ventilation Rate(AVR) is the ___ _____ arriving at ______.

ARV indicates your ability to release ____ and deliver ___ to tissues.

air volume, alveoli, CO2, O2

AVR (Alveolar Ventilation Rate) =

AVR = (TV − ADS) × RR

Normal AVR is approximately ______ mL

4200 mL

volume of air inhaled and exhaled in 1 cycle of breathing

Tidal volume

Normally resting value of Tidal Volume

500 mL

volume of air in excess of resting tidal volume that can be inhaled with maximum effort

Inspiratory reserve volume

average IRV (inspiratory reserve volume)

3,000 mL

volume of air in excess of resting tidal volume that can be exhaled with maximum effort

Expiratory reserve volume

average ERV (expiratory reserve volume)

1,200 mL

volume of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration

Residual volume

IRV allows for ___ ______ air → blood before _____ ______ of fresh air arrive

gas exchange, next breath

average RV (residual volume)

1,200 mL

important measure of the lungs ability to clear CO2 from & deliver O2 to the tissues

Alveolar Ventilation Rate

Alveolar Ventilation Rate -

important measure of the lungs ability to clear _____ from & deliver ____ to the tissues

CO2, O2

pH of cerebrospinal fluid reflects the _____ level in the blood

CO2

what makes acids as the carbonic acid equation ?

Metabolism

Metabolism makes _____ as the carbonic acid equation

acids

Low, acidic pH + High CO2 → Respiratory rate _______, fix by ______ CO2

increases, exhaling

High, alkaline pH + Low CO2 → Respiratory rate ______, fix by ______ CO2

decreases, retaining

High levels of CO2 increase H+ → pH of body fluids decreases or becomes more acidic → The carbonic acid equation shifts to . . .

right to use up excess CO2

High levels of CO2 _____- H+ → pH of body fluids _____ or becomes more _____ → The carbonic acid equation shifts to _____ to use up excess CO2

increase, decreases, acidic, right

Low levels of CO2 decrease H+ → so body fluid pH rises or becomes more alkaline → The carbonic acid equation . . .

shifts left to increase available CO2

Low levels of CO2 decrease ___ → so body fluid pH ____ or becomes more _____ → The carbonic acid equation shifts ____ to _____ available CO2

H+, rises, alkaline, left, increase

Pons and medulla integrate sensory and motor input from:

• Cerebrum

• Hypothalamus

• Central chemoreceptors

• Peripheral chemoreceptors

• Proprioceptors

• Stretch and irritant receptors in airway

Strongest stimulus to breathe comes from _____ _______ (pH of CSF)

central chemoreceptors

_____ ________ (aortic and carotid bodies); pH is strongest stimulus then C02, then 02

Peripheral chemoreceptors

Which pulmonary volume increases the most immediately after exercise? 

tidal volume (TV)

What happens to inspiratory(IRV) and expiratory reserve volumes(ERV) after exercise? 

both decrease

total amount of air that can be inhaled and then exhaled with maximum effort

Vital capacity

VC (Vital capacity) =

VC = ERV + IRV + TV

average vital capacity (VC)

4,700 mL

vital capacity is an important measure of

pulmonary health

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration

Inspiratory capacity

 IC (Inspiratory Capacity) =

IC = TV + IRV

average IC

3,500 mL

amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal expiration

Functional residual capacity

FRC (functional residual capacity) =

type of car + engine for that type of car - cars are functional

FRC = RV + ERV

Average FRC (functional residual capacity)

class of __’ is functional

2,500 mL

maximum amount of air lungs can contain

Total lung capacity

average TLC (total lung capacity)

6,000 mL

TLC (total lung capacity) =

TLC = RV + VC