ARTH Test #2

order of ancient Egypt kingdoms

early dynastic

old kingdom

middle kingdom

new kingdom

Palette of Narmer

Ceremonial Egyptian tablet, depicts King Narmer conquering his enemies,

Conventions

customary rules for depicting people and the world, differs by culture

King Menkaure and Queen

showed gender expression in ancient Egypt

women were important and had roles

Nome goddess

wore specific hieroglyphic symbol of animals

Sphinx and Pyramid of Khafre in Giza

Seated King Khafre

sculpture in the round, freestanding fully 3D

Ka

spirit/soul of an individual

Monolithic

created all in 1 solid block of stone

Seated Scribe

important because its depicted the commoners and how they played a role in society, they could read and write which was important, other statues were made of butcherers, kneeling dough and brewing beer

Ti watching hippo hunt

found in the tomb of Ti

featured hieratic scale

High vs low relief sculpture

AI Overview

High-relief sculptures project boldly from a flat background—often by more than half their volume—with parts sometimes detached "in the round" like free-standing figures. Low-relief (bas-relief) sculptures stay shallow and flat, projecting only slightly from the surface with soft shadows

Faience offering chalice

ritual vessel symbolizing Nile and rebirth

Book of the dead

an ancient Egyptian collection of magical spells, prayers, and instructions written on papyrus scrolls, tomb walls, and coffins of rules of funerary practices

King Akhenaten and his family

sunken relief carving showing family life in Egypt

UNESCO

United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural organization

Aswen High Dam

caused massive human displacement, damaged the Nile ecosystem, and triggered intense Cold War political struggles

Great Temples of Rameses II

Small Temple of Hathor and Nefertiti

Ka Statue

serves as a home for the king’s soul (Ka) in the tomb

depicted the king in his prime

painted stone

Egyptian funerary process

king is mumified

Ka statue is made from diorite (to last)

difference between men and women artwork in Egypt

Elite Woman were lighter skinned because they didn’t go outside

men had darker skin because they worked in the sun

The sphinx represented

had king kafres face and was a protective being

Servants Roles in ancient Egypt

made into models and put in tombs of rulers for the afterlife

Funerary Temples

built into the side of the cliff

smaller scale than pyramids

long walkways for visitors

THE KING IS NOT BURIED THERE

Queen Hatshepsut (new kingdom)

female pharaoh but dressed male wore the false beard and kilt

Had a damaged Ka statue - soul is “gone”

the Ka Statue was damaged by stepson who wanted power

testified woman can rule

Akhenaten Statue (new kingdom)

childhood portrayed in relief carving

loving father (rare to see in artwork)

body is not as masculine

Akhenaten is notable mostly for:

he changed religion from poly to monotheistic (only sun god)

Taotie

monstrous face originated in Neolithic period china

1st Chinese dynasty

Shang Dynasty (Bronze Age)

Bi and Cong

Chinese ritual objects

Chinese oracle bone

used to connect with ancestors during the Shang dynasty

fang ding and da ke ding with taotie

Chinese ritual cooking vessel, used for ancestral offerings

Piece mold casting

process to mold piece by pouring metals into ceramic molds

Pit Tombs

deceased is placed in tomb in the ground along with their belongings such as cowry shells, pottery, etc

Queen Fu Hao’s tomb

only tomb from Shang dynasty that was not looted

thousands of artifacts made of jade, bronze, bone, and cowry shells

showed women had military power

Chinese vs Egyptian burial practices

C: weapons burried, no objects depicting dead person

E: mummified, Ka needs physical dwelling, more decorative

Mingqi

replaced human sacrifices as pottery models

needed spirit objects for the afterlife

Chinese new kingdom Qin dynasty

significance of Chinese ritual bronze in tombs

usable ornamental spiritual

continue rituals in the afterlife and honor ancestors

who unified china?

Qin

Qin Is known for

uniting china

building great wall

tomb of the emperor (army of ceramics)

Tomb of Emperor Qin

ceramic soldiers replaced human sacrifices

buried and hidden from looters and theifs

solider are spirit vessels

clay soldiers made from casts

Hans Dynasty tombs

now built with post and lintel

used tomb guardians

Tomb of Lady Di

had household objects, food (part of ritual), banner of painted silk*

Banner of Painted Silk in the tomb of Lady Di

had registers: heavenly realm, lady di and attendees, body of lady Di, underworld

remarkable bc the textile survived without wearing down

dragons symbolized

heavenly realm protection

Most important part of ancient Chinese culture

remembering ancestors, passing down generation to generation

Ancient Aegean 2 cultures:

Minoan and Mycenaean

Minoan location

crete (island)

Mycenaean location

main land greece

Ancient Minoans traded with?

the Egyptians

differences in Egyptian Funerary temple and Minoan Aegean Palace

E: one building, center focused, for the dead

A: sprawling building, NOT funerary

both: used columns

Palace of Knossos

not actually a palace, but a city

Minoan

community worked together and shared food

Pithoi

giant ceramic vessels to store food and liquid

themes in Minoan artworks

the sea and sea creatures

landscape paintings

bulls

Frescos

a mural painting technique where water-based pigments are applied directly onto freshly laid, wet lime plaster

Bull’s head Rhyton

Minoan piece

Gathering Saffron Painting

Minoan artwork, saffron was valuable to the culture, wasp waisted women depicted, gender is distinguished by skin tone

Harvester Vase

depicted people singing while they work, culture must have been laid back and joyful

Difference in Mycenaean artworks compared to Minoan

used more repetition an symmetry

change in mood

soldiers are depicted

Citadel at Mycenae

built on a hill and had a wall surrounding it for protection

Cyclopean Masonry

an ancient architectural style using massive, roughly cut limestone boulders stacked together with minimal clearance and no mortar

Corbeled Vaults

an architectural ceiling or roof structure created by extending the technique of a Corbel arch in three dimensions along opposing walls

Lions at Mycenae

heads were looted

Mycenaeans DID have tombs for people unlike Minoans

Beehive tomb

Mycenaean buried dead here

had a large dome, made from corbeling

Corbeled vault

a roofing technique in which each course of stone projects slightly beyond the previous layer until the uppermost corbels meet

megaron

Mycenaean throne room

8th century

century that started beginning of Greek world

Polis

Greek city state

776 bce

first Olympic Games between city states

Greek city states/Polis shared:

language and religion

polytheistic, their gods were human-like

sanctuary for Apollo at Delphi

had temple for Apollo, arena for games, theatre, and hospital, was built up high to be closer to the gods

Temple was Pan-Hellenic

Priestess was in the temple with the oracle

Archaic Greece’s most important invention

Greek temple architecture

Oracle

answers peoples questions when they made offerings to the gods

Greek orders:

Doric, Ionic, Corinthian

subjects that were featured on greek pediments:

gods, goddesses, warriors

Greeks did not use the heretic scale, instead they were:

Used Naturalistic/realism style

Early Archaic figure painting vases

were simplistic and stylized, used repetition and line

later archaic greek figure painting vases

more naturalistic, depicted more realistic humans

red figure painting technique

reverses black figure painting technique, painted the background first, created AFTER black figure archaic painting

black figure technique

black silhouetted humans on vases

Kouros

free standing archaic statue, unclothed males, made of marble

Kore

female free standing marble statue in archaic Greece, they were clothed

Main idea of Ancient Greek artwork

depicting human body in a naturalistic but idealized way

Classical

term for art forms that are traditional and exemplary

What led to the Greek style change fro archaic to classic

the greek-persian wars

Acropolis of Athens

ancient citadel in Athens had the Parthenon temple

the Parthenon temple

dedicated to athena

only temple built using more than 1 order

considered doric, but has Frieze

Frieze depicted ordinary people

contraposto

a stance where one leg is weight bearing and other is relaxed seen in CLASSIC greek

Bronze

material used in mid-late greek classic era

Naturalism definition

portraying a person, animal or object as you se it naturally in the physical world, correct proportions scale and anatomy

Canon

rule or law

THE canon

a book written by polykletios that states rules depicting idea human figure

the highest form of art in classical Greece- highly idealized

the unclothed male

romans copied greek works but also used what material?

bronze, they also made molds

Nike

winged female figures symbolizing victory

Ancient Rome art vs Greek art

fully clothed males, no hair on men sometimes, older men, ordinary people depicted, not idealized- realism

Verism

truth in appearances, hyper-realisim

Augustus of Primaporta

1st emperor of Roman Empire