RADT 101: Chest and Abdomen Positioning Test 4

Projection

The path of the central ray (CR) as it exits the x-ray tube, passing through the patient to the image receptor (IR)

Projection

What is defined as the enterance and exit points of the body?

Position

The specific placement of the body or part in relation to the table or IR

Position

Is the overall posture of the patient position or projection?

Anteroposterior (AP)

Essental Projections:

Central ray enter the anterior surface and exits the posterior

Posteroranterior (PA)

Essential Projections:

Central ray enters the posterior surface and exits the anterior

Axial

Essential Projections:

Longitudinal angle of the central ray of 10 degrees or more

Axial

Essential Projections:

Angling the entire body or body part while maintain the central ray perpendicular to the image receptor (IR) is an alternative method to get an _______ projection

Tangential

Essential Projections:

Central ray directed along the outer margin of a curved body surface

Lateral

Essential Projections:

Central ray enters on side of the body, passing transversely along the coronal plane

Oblique

Essential Projections:

• Central ray enters from a side angle

• Entrance and exit surface still specified

upright

Positions:

erect or vertical

seated

positions:

upright, but sitting on a stool

recumbent

Positions:

lying down in any position

supine

Positions:

lying on the back

Prone

Positions:

lying face down

trendelenburg

Positions:

supine with the head lower than the feet

fowler

positions:

supine with the head elevated

left semiprone oblique

positions:

recumbent with the patient lying on left anterior side with right knee and hip flexed in front of the body

left semiprone oblique

Positions:

What is the Sim’s position also known as?

lithotomy

positions:

supine with knees and hips flexed and thighs abducted and rotated externally, supported by ankle supports

lateral and oblique

positions:

what positions are named according to the side of the patient that is placed closer to the image receptor or table

oblique

positions:

body rotated so that the coronal place in not parallel with the table or IR

• angle of rotation is specific for anatomy of interest

decubitus

positions:

recumbent position with a horizontal central ray

decubitus

position:

What position is named according to the body surface on which the patient is lying

lordotic

position:

upright position in which the patient is leaning backward

view

terminology:

used to describe the body part as seen by the image receptor

view

terminology:

what term is the exact opposite of projection?

method

terminology:

refers to a specific radiographic projection developed by an individual

Sthenic

Hyposthenic

Asthenic

Hypersthenic

What are the four body types?

sthenic

Body types:

What body type is 50% of the population?

sthenic

Body types:

organs

• heart: moderately transverse

• lungs: moderately high

• diaphragm: moderately high

• stomach: high, upper left

• colon: spread evenly; slight dip in transverse colon

• gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen

sthenic

Body types:

characteristics

• build: moderately heavy

• abdomen: moderately high

• thorax: moderately short, broad, and deep

• pelvis: moderately small

Hyposthenic

Body types:

What body type is 35% of the population?

Hyposthenic

Body Types:

Organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types

Hyposthenic

Body types:

what habitus is the most difficult to classify?

Asthenic

Body Types:

What habitus is 10% of the population?

Asthenic

Body Types:

Organs

• Heart: nearly vertical and at midline

• Lungs: long, apices above clavicles, may be broader above base

• Diaphragm: low

• Stomach: low and medial, in the pelvis when standing

• Colon: low, folds on itself

• Gallbladder: low and nearer the midline

asthenic

Body Types:

Characteristics

• Build: Frail

• Abdomen: short

• thorax: long, shallow

• Pelvis: wide

Hypersthenic

Body Types:

What habitus is 5% of the population?

hypersthenic

Body Types:

Organs

• Heart: axis nearly transverse

• Lungs: short, apices at or near clavices

• Diaphragm: high

• Stomach: high, transverse, and in the middle

• Colon: around periphery of abdomen

• Gallbladder: high, outside, lies more parallel

hypersthenic

Body Types:

characteristics

• build: massive

• abdomen: long

• thorax: short, broad, deep

• pelvis: narrow

artifacts

Patient preparation for thoracic viscera procedures requires removal of _________ from the anatomy of interest

artifacts

The items listed below are _______ in an image

• long earrings

• necklaces

• clothing artifacts

ambulatory patients

general patient position:

• upright or seated erect

nonambulatory patients

general patient position:

• may have to substitute a decubitus position if patient cannot sit upright

• determine whether air-fluid levels are critical to diagnosis

183 cm, 72 inches

Recommended SID for chest radiography is at least _____ _____ or ______ _____

decrease magnification of heart

increase spatial resolution

what are some benefits of having the SID of 183 cm during chest radiography?

ID markers

Left or right ___ ________ must be included in each image

• avoid usign digital annotation to put markers on images

collimation exposure field

place ID markers within ________ ______ _____ of anatomy of interest

gonads

What should be shielded during chest radiography according to state regulations?

pediatric and reproductive age

what age of patients should be shielded during radiography?

collimation

close ________ is a method of radiation protection

second deep inspiration

during chest projections, exposures are made after ______ _____ _______

pneumothorax

diaphragm movement

foreign body

atelectasis

list the reasons why two separate radiographs may be taken, one on inspiration and one on respiration:

1) demonstrates ____________

2) ________ ________

3) presence of _______ ________

4) __________

standing or seated

Patient position during a PA chest may be done

air or fluid levels

What do PA chests demonstrate?

43 × 35 cm (17 × 14 inches)

The collimation field of a PA Chest is ….

4 to 5 cm (1.5 to 2 inches)

How much exposure light field is allowed over the shoulders during a PA chest?

vertical grid

Where does the patient face during a PA chest?

MSP

What plane is centered perpendicular to the IR in a PA chest?

MCP

What plane is centered parallel to the IR in a PA chest?

decompressing the shoulders

flexing elbows and resting hands low on hips

What movements in a PA chest will position the clavicle below the apices of the lungs?

scapulae

Rotating the shoulders forward in a PA chest to touch the vertical grid device will rotate the ______ outwards and laterally to reduce superimposition

perpendicular

The central ray during a PA chest is __________ to center of IR

MSP, T7

duirng a PA chest, the CR enters at _____ and level of ___

air filled trachea

lungs

diaphragmatic domes

heart and aortic arches

What structures are shown in a PA chest?

apices

costophrenic

PA Chest Evaluation Criteria:

• entire lung fields from the _______ to the __________ angles

clavicles, vertebral column, trachea, vertebral column

PA Chest Evaluation Criteria:

No rotation:

• sternal ends of the ________ equidistant from the _______ _______

• _______ visible in midline

• equal distance from the _____ _____ to the lateral border of the ribs

scapulae

PA Chest Evaluation Criteria:

What is projected outside the lung fields?

10

PA Chest Evaluation Criteria:

how many posterior ribs are supposed to be seen?

heart

diaphragm

PA Chest Evaluation Criteria:

what structures are there supposed to be sharp outlines of?

ribs

thoracic vertebrae

PA Chest Evaluation Criteria:

• faint shadows of the _____ and the superior _________ ________ visible through the heart shadow

lung markings

PA Chest Evaluation Criteria:

what markings are visible from the hilum to the periphery of the lung?

left

What side during a lateral chest is routinely used to minimize heart magnification

the side closer to the IR

what side during a lateral chest is the side demonstrated in the image?

MSP

During a lateral chest, what plane is parallel to the IR?

MCP

during a lateral chest, what plane is perpendicular to the IR?

shoulders

what part of the body is in contact with the grid during a lateral chest?

overhead

where should arms be during a lateral chest?

183 cm (72 inches)

What is the SID of a lateral chest?

43 × 35 cm (17 × 24 inches)

what is the collimation field of a lateral chest?

perpendicular

the central ray during a lateral chest is _________ to the IR

MCP

T7

the central ray during a lateral chest will enter _____ at level ____

heart

aorta

left side pulmonary lesions

what structures are shown in a left lateral chest?

right sided pulmonary lesions

what structures are shown in a right lateral position?

arm or soft tissue

lateral chest evaluation criteria:

what should not be overlapping the superior lung field during a lateral chest?

costophrenic angles

lower apices

lateral chest evaluation criteria:

the _______ _______ and ________ _____ of the lungs should be shown during a lateral chest

superimposed

the lungs of a lateral chest are _________ on each other

hilum

superimposed

vertebral column

sternum

trachea

lateral chest evaluation criteria:

no rotation

• ______ at center

• ______________ of the ribs posterior to the ________ ________

• ________ in profile

• ________ in midline

long axis

lateral chest evaluation criteria:

____ _____ of lungs shown in vertical position

scoliosis

lateral chest evaluation criteria:

• In lateral chests, there will be open thoracic intervertebral spaces and intervertebral foramina except in patients with ________

heart

diaphragm

lateral chest evaluation criteria:

what will there be sharp outlines of in a lateral chest?

pulmonary markings

lateral chest evaluation criteria:

what type of markings are in lateral chests?

upright

lateral chest evaluation criteria:

what position is the patient in during a lateral chest?

supine or seated upright

What position is the patient in during an AP chest?

MSP

What plane should be centered to the IR in an AP chest?

scapula

during an AP chest, flexing elbows, pronating hands, and placing hands on hips draws what laterally?

shoulders

during an AP chest, what should be adjusted into the same transverse plane?

183 cm (72 inches)

What is the SID of a AP chest?