Anatomy Exam 5

functions of the digestive system

ingestion

peristalisis

causes contractions sequentially along the path of the organ

segmentation

a contraction of different segments and relaxation of different segments allowing for not only movement but mixture of the food passing

peritoneum

a tissue found in the abdomen and lines the abdominal cavity

lesser omentum

from liver to lesser curvature of stomach

greater omentum

hangs down from greater curvature of stomach and curves back up to the transverse colon

mesentery

suspends small intestine from posterior abdominal wall

serosa

outer skin of an organ involved in peritoneum

adventitia

outer skin of an organ not involved in peritoneum

oral vestibule

the space anterior to teeth and posterior to cheeks/lips

oral cavity proper

includes tongue and teeth functioning in mastication

taste buds

taste receptors found around structures that project from the surface of the tongue called papillae

deciduous

the first set of teeth that grows and falls out

permanent

the second set of teeth that dont fall out

bolus

small food mass that is chewed and swallowed

chyme

partly digested food found in stomach

chief cells

secrete pepsinogen

parietal cells

secrete HC1 to bring stomach pH to 2

plicae circulares

folds of mucosa and submucosa

villi

finger like folds composed of epithelium and lamina propria

microvilli

projections of plasma membrane and cytoplasm on top of columnar cells

tenia coli

ribbon of smooth muscle found along the length of the colon

haustra

small pouches (sacculations) caused by contraction of tenia coli

serous cells

found in the parotid glands that produce enzymes that breakdown carbs

mucous cell

found in sublingual gland that produce mucous to lubricate bolus

retroperitoneal

found behind parietal peritoneum

endocrine

a function of the pancreas that uses glucagon and insulin

exocrine

produces digestive enzymes that empty into the duodenum using the pancreatic duct and accessory pancreatic duct

pancreatic duct

empties into ampulla of vater

accessory pancreatic duct

directley empties into duodenum

gall bladder

stores bile and can realease it through the cystic duct

billiary tract

the pathway for bile

hepatic lobule

located in the liver with rows of hepatocytes arranged radially around a central vein

sinosoids

channels separating the hepatocytes of the hepatic lobule

kupffer cells

phagocytic cells that phagocytos/endocytos any kind of pathogen

portal triad

contains branches of portal venule

bile

produced in the liver that emulsifies lipids for absorption in the duodenum

bilirubin

derived from the heme of aged red blood cells and most are metabolized in the small intestine of bacteria and eliminated in the feces

detoxification

removes toxic substances from blood like alcohol

lipoproteins

transports triglycerides and cholesterol to and from body cells (VLDLs)

glycogenolysis

when glucose is low the pancreas releases glucagon signaling the liver to break down glycogen into glucose through a process called

gluconeogenisis

when glucose is low the pancreas releases glucagon signaling the liver to break down sugar into glucose through a process called

glycogenisis

when glucose is high the pancreases releases insulin signalig the liver to covert glucose into glycogen and causing body cells to take in glucose through a process called

hepatocytes

store some triglycerides during lipid metabolism and remove NH2 to convert NH3 into urea

oxygenated blood

from the common hepatic artery

deoxygenated blood

from the hepatic portal vein

right and left hepatic vein

blood is drained into this

excretion of metabolic waste products in kidney

protein=urea; nucleic acids=uric acid; creatine=creatinine

kidney functions

controling composition of volume and pressure of blood; balancing of flud and electrolytes; balancing of pH; producing hormones like renin and erthyropoietin; vitamin d activation are all examples of

adrenal gland

each kidney is capped with this

kidney hilus/hilum

a notch medial to kidney

renal sinus

an expansion of the hilus creating a cavity inside kidney

renal capsule

a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney

renal fascia

anchors the kidney to the body wall

pararenal fat

only found on the posterior surface

filtration of the nephron

blood enters glomerulus and filters into the renal corpuscle

reabsorption of the nephron

useful substances are reabsorbed from the nephron tubule into the adjacent peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

secretion of the nephron

waste products are taken up from the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta into the nephron tubule

macula densa cells

located in juxtaglomerular apparatus of nephron that regulate glomerulofiltration rate

extraglomerular mesangial cells

secretes erthyropoietin controlling erthyropoiesis (sending signals for the production of blood)

juxtaglomerular/granular cells

secretes renin that partiscipates in the renin-angiotensin system to increase blood pressure

kidney functions

excretion of metabolic waste products like protein to urea or nucleic acid to uric acid

kidney function

controls composition volume and pressure of blood

kidney function

balances fluid and electrolytes

kidney function

balances pH levels

kidney function

activates Vitamin D

adrenal gland

each kidney is capped with an

kidney hilus/hilum

a notch medial to kidney that allows the renal artery to enter the kidney and the renal vein to exit the kidney

renal sinus

an expansion of the hilus creating a cavity inside the kidney containing the renal artery and its branches; the renal vein and its tribularies; renal pelvis; major/minor calvces

renal capsule

a tough fibrous layer surrounding the kidney

renal fascia

anchors the kidney to the body wall

pararenal fat

only found on the posterior surface of the kidneys

renal pyramids

a structure of the medulla that is triangular shaped with the base facing the cortex while apex faces center of kidney

cortex

renal columns between the renal pyramids

the nephron

the functional unit of the kidney that filters reabsorbs and secretes blood

bowmans corpuscle

cup shaped with capsular space in between for filtrate

glomerulus

bed of capillaries inserted into the bowmans corpuscle

afferent arterioles

where blood enters into the glomerulus

efferent artierioles

where blood exits the glomerulus

macula densa cells

located in the juxtaglomerular apparatus that regulate glomerulofiltration rate (GFR)

extraglomerular mesangial cells

located in juxtaglomerular appratus that secrete erthyropoietin controlling erthyropoiesis (sending signals for the production of blood)

juxtaglomerular/granular cells

located in juxtaglomerular apparatus that secrete renin which participates in the renin-angidtensin system to increase blood pressure

trigone

lower triangular part of bladder

detrusor muscle

muscle of bladder wall

internal urethral sphincter

around the neck of the bladder

external urethral sphincter

terminal point of urethra

raphe

wrinkles seen on exterior of scrotum

dartos and cremasteric muscles

regulates temperature of the testes by elevating (warm) and depressing (cool)

testes

descends from pelvic cavity into scrotum 2 months prior to birth

cryptorchidism

undescended testes at birth

seminiferous tubules

produces sperm

spermatozoa

head contains nucleus and acrosome thats needed to penetrate ovum wall

sertoli cells

stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and are nurse cells to developing sperm cells

interstitial cells of leydig

stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) that produce androgens/testosterone

spermatic cord

how the scrotum and testes attach themselves to the pelvic cavity

ejaculatory duct

formed by the union of vas deferens (sperm) and ductus of seminal vesicles (fluid)

prepuce

the foreskin of the penis that provides protection

foreskin removal

from non-keratinized stratified squamos epithelium to keratinized stratified squamos epithelium