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The overall network design, the devices involved, how they're configured, the services implemented to support the network, and the way that devices are connected to the network are called a network's architecture.

True or False

True

2 multiple choice options

Which device can be configured via a command-line interface or web-based management GUI (graphical user interface), and can sometimes be configured in groups?

unmanaged switch

managed router

managed switch

unmanaged router

Managed switch

Hazel wants a switch to enhance her firewall's capabilities. The switch should provide advanced filtering and security functions. What type of switch matches those specifications?

managed switch

unmanaged switch

layer 3 switch

layer 4 switch

Layer 4 switch

What is the first layer of defense to prevent a MAC flooding attack? Choose all that apply.

disable physical ports

disable virtual ports

disable ephemeral ports

disable WAN port

All the above

What status listed below indicates that a switch port is down? Choose all that apply.

administratively down

error disabled

auto disconnect

suspended

Administratively down

error disabled

auto disconnect

What is the command for disabling a port on a Cisco switch?

shutdown

disable

switchport port-security

shutoff

Shutdown

Juan's company uses the hierarchical three-tiered network architecture approach developed by Cisco and other manufacturers. Juan is currently in the process of purchasing switches to connect directly to hosts, including servers, printers, and workstations. What type of switches are these? Choose all that apply.

distribution layer

access layer

edge layer

core layer

All the above

What is ToR (top of rack) switching, and what are some of its benefits? Choose all that apply.

The ToR switches are the fastest switches and can handle the most data.

The ToR switches connect all other devices in the rack to the rest of the network.

Their location in the rack requires fewer switches, and, therefore, fewer hops.

Their location in the rack often provides the best accessibility and cable management.

All the above

What is EoR (end of row) switching, and what are some of its benefits? Choose all that apply.

EoR switching places several leaf switches in a rack at the end of each row of racks or in the middle of each row.

EoR switching places several leaf switches in a rack at the beginning of each row of racks or at the end of each row.

This approach requires fewer switches (and, therefore, fewer hops for much of the network's traffic) and less rack space.

The bottom location in the rack often provides the best accessibility and cable management.

A and B

What is the benefit of keeping the bulk of a network's cabling within the rack for very short connections? Choose all that apply.

easier to troubleshoot when issues occur

network requires less cable overall

provides increased flexibility in the network design

very high speed cable can make very short cable runs

B and C

Each leaf switch is connected to every spine switch; therefore, messages must traverse fewer hops to reach their destination. What does it mean when messages need fewer hops to reach their destination?

decrease in latency

an improvement in redundancy

an increase in performance

an increase in security

Decrease in latency

In the world of networking, what does the term "availability" mean?

the amount of time a network administrator is available to respond to user complaints and troubleshoot network issues

how often network resources are accessible to authorized users, regardless of their location or device

how consistently and reliably a resource can be accessed by authorized personnel

the measure of how quickly a network can recover from a cyberattack or security breach, ensuring minimal downtime and data loss

How consistently and reliably a resource can be accessed by authorized personnel

What does the term HA (high availability) refer to?

the maximum number of users allowed to access the network simultaneously without experiencing congestion or slowdown

the speed at which data packets travel through the network, ensuring minimal latency and faster response times

the number of network hardware components, ensuring they can accommodate future expansions and upgrades

a system that functions reliably nearly all the time

A system that functions reliably all the time

One way to consider availability is by measuring a system's or network's uptime, which is the duration or percentage of time that it functions normally between failures. What is the system downtime per year if the uptime is 99.99%?

52 minutes, 35 seconds

8 hours, 45 minutes, 56 seconds

5 minutes. 15 seconds

52 minutes, 35 seconds

A key factor in maintaining the availability of network resources is fault tolerance. What is fault tolerance? Choose all that apply.

the process of intentionally introducing errors into the network to test its resilience and identify potential vulnerabilities

the ability of a network to automatically redirect traffic to alternative routes in case of congestion or slowdown, ensuring continuous operation

the capacity of a system to continue performing despite an unexpected hardware or software malfunction

the process of duplicating critical network components, such as servers or storage devices, to ensure redundancy and minimize the risk of data loss

All the above

What is the term used to describe when something does not work as promised or as planned?

Error

Failover

Fault

Failure

Failure

Jessie was a system administrator at a large company's Network Operations Center (NOC). Occasionally, employees company-wide would complain about the slow Internet service or that it was temporarily unavailable. As the complaints were widespread and the issue wasn't localized, Jessie investigated the problem at the NOC level. They determined that a router was causing the issue. From a fault tolerance perspective, what would this issue be considered?

fault

error

failover

failure

Fault

Minor faults, such as a malfunctioning network interface card (NIC) on a router, can result in network outages.

true or false

True

To which standard does Link Aggregation Control Protocol (LACP) now belong?

802.3ad

802.11

802.1ax

802.13

802.1ax

In what type of situation is the round-robin rule algorithm used?

load balancing

packet inspection

load shifting

network monitoring

Load balancing

Clustering is the process of grouping similar resources together. What resources can be clustered? Choose all that apply.

Servers

Routers

Applications

Personal Computers

A and C

Emie is the owner of an e-commerce company that is experiencing rapid growth. Her company has recently launched a website that is managed by racks of servers. These servers are responsible for a variety of tasks, including taking orders, processing payments, issuing refunds, and updating the website's content on a daily basis. When a client types in the website URL, they are directed to the website.

From the client's perspective, it appears that the website is powered by a single server. However, in reality, there are multiple servers working together to ensure that the website functions smoothly. How does this process happen? Choose all that apply.

the client gets to choose which server they work with

web client directs request to a single VIP (virtual IP address

racks of servers are clustered to look like one server

load balancing directs traffic evenly between the servers

B, C and D

A large e-commerce company had a server go down. It was an important server that processes orders. The company has load balancing in place and clustered its servers together. What happened when that server when down?

no major impact

the company's website went down

the company couldn't process orders

the company had to scramble and replace the malfunctioning server

No major impact

Virtualization is an actual, or logical, version of something rather than the physical version.

True or False

False

What is the software that creates and manages a virtual machine (VM) and allocates the use of hardware resources for the host and any of its guest VMs?

operating system

host

guest

hypervisor

Hypervisor

Mackie plans to set up a test network that will incorporate all the operating systems used by his company. He wants to ensure that any actions taken on this network will not affect the production network in any way. What should Mackie do?

create a virtual network and set it to NAT

create a virtual network and set it to host-only mode

create a regular network with actual computers and use the Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) address scheme

connect all computers with a virtual switch but no Internet connection

create a virtual network and set it to host-only mode

What are some advantages of virtualization? Choose all that apply.

efficient use of resources

licensing costs

cost and energy savings

fault and threat isolation

A, C and D

Angela has eight operating systems she wants to run, but she does not have the hardware to support each of them. However, she has an older Windows computer with virtualization capabilities. The computer she has consists of 16 Gb of RAM, a 100 Gb hard drive, an onboard video card, and all other hardware is standard to a home PC. What issues might she face as she tries to install these operating systems? Choose all that apply.

not enough host system resources

the hypervisor may not support all guest operating systems

she has to buy a hypervisor to run the guest operating systems

she must use a type 1 hypervisor to run the guest operating systems

All the above

Software-defined networking (SDN) is a centralized approach to networking that removes most of the decision-making power from network devices. At what level is this responsibility handled?

software level

hardware level

physical level

network level

Software level

Software-defined networking (SDN) enables automatic network configuration based on changing conditions and application requirements. What is this capability called?

transmission aware networking

presentation aware networking

application aware networking

physical transmission aware networking

Application aware networking

This plane is not a typical layer for network communication, but it is considered a part of the control plane. Its purpose is to enable network administrators to remotely manage network devices, monitor them, and analyze data collected about the devices. What is this plane called in other contexts?

applications plane

management plane

data plane

infrastructure plane

Management Plane

In which service mode are hardware resources provided virtually, including network infrastructure devices such as routing, switching, and DNS services?

DRaaS (Disaster Recovery as a Service)

SaaS (Software as a Service)

laaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

PaaS (Platform as a Service)

laaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

During software development, developers often need to access multiple platforms, which include the operating system, the runtime libraries or modules provided by the OS to applications, as well as the hardware on which the OS runs. Which service model would be better option?

DRaaS (Disaster Recovery as a Service)

SaaS (Software as a Service)

XaaS (Anything as a Service)

PaaS (Platform as a Service)

PaaS (Platform as a Service)

Cloud architecture provides different service model functions that can be customized to fit a client's needs, such as monitoring, storage, applications, and virtual desktops. What is that as a Service function called?

DRaaS (Disaster Recovery as a Service)

SaaS (Software as a Service)

XaaS (Anything as a Service)

PaaS (Platform as a Service)

XaaS (Anything as a Service)

in what cloud deployment are services established on an organizations own servers in its own data center, or services are established remotely for a single organization's private use and made available to authorized users over a WAN connection through some type of remote access?

public cloud

private cloud

community cloud

hybrid cloud

Private Cloud

What cloud services can be shared between multiple organizations, but are not available to the public?

public cloud

private cloud

community cloud

hybrid cloud

Community Cloud

What type of pipeline specifically supports the continuous development of an application through the many iterations of improvements?

data pipeline

software pipeline

code pipeline

resource pipeline

Software pipeline

Orchestration is the automation of tasks to work together in a complex and lengthy workflow.

true or false

True

What is the word used to describe the ability to quickly adapt to market demands according to increased or decreased feature use within a system?

timing

mobility

agility

speed

Agility

While a developer writes changes to the code, the changes can be uploaded into the branch that the developer is working on. What is the process of uploading these changes called?

commit

commingle

orchestration

dynamic pipeline

Commit

What does the physical layer provide?

Provides the means to transport across the network media the bits that make up a Data Link layer frame

What are the four elements of delivering frames across the media?

The physical media and associated connectors A representation of bits on the media

Encoding of data and control information Transmitter and receiver circuitry on the network device

What are the three basic forms of media?

Copper cable

Fiber

Wireless

What are the three concerns when the physical layer encodes bits?

The Physical layer encodes the bits into the signals for a particular medium, it must also distinguish where one frame ends and the next frame begins

What does the physical layer consist of?

Hardware, developed by engineers, in the form of electronic circuitry, media, and connectors

What are the organizations that are responsible for physical layer standards?

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)

The Electronics Industry Alliance/ Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA)

National telecommunications authorities such as the Federal Communication Commission (FCC) in the USA.

The technologies defined by these organizations include what four areas of the Physical layer standards?

Physical and electrical properties of the media

Mechanical properties (materials, dimensions, pinouts) of the connectors

Bit representation by the signals (encoding)

Definition of control information signals

What are the three fundamental functions of the Physical layer?

The physical components

Data encoding

Signaling

What are the two values that the physical layer encodes?

1 and 0

How are the bits of the frame transmitted by the physical layer?

One bit at a time

What is a bit time?

Specific amount of time each signal has to occupy the media

How are the signaling and receiving ends clocks synchronized in the LAN?

Many signaling methods use predictable transitions in the signal to provide synchronization between the clocks of the transmitting and the receiving devices

What characteristics can be changed to represent bits on the medium?

Amplitude

Frequency

Phase

What will happen if there is no agreement between nodes on the signaling method?

The transmission will fail

What are the three characteristics of NRZ signaling?

Discrete impulses

Only two states

Voltage jumps between levels

What type of transmission is NRZ suited for?

For slow speed data links

What are represented by in Manchester encoding?

Voltage transitions

How does the transition help maintain clock synchronization?

One voltage transition must occur in the middle of each bit time

Which medium uses Manchester encoding?

10BaseT Ethernet

What method is used to signal start and end of a frame in higher speed technologies?

Specific pattern of grouped bits

What is a code group?

Consecutive sequence of code bits that are interpreted and mapped as data bit patterns

What are the advantages of transmitting symbols?

The error detection capabilities and timing synchronization between transmitting and receiving devices are enhanced

What are the four advantages of using code groups?

Reducing bit level error

Limiting the effective energy transmitted into the media

Helping to distinguish data bits from control bits

Better media error detection

What are the three types of code groups?

Data symbols - Symbols that represent the data of the frame as it is passed down to the Physical layer.

Control symbols - Special codes injected by the Physical layer used to control transmission. These include end-of-frame and idle media symbols.

Invalid symbols - Symbols that have patterns not allowed on the media. The receipt of an invalid symbol indicates a frame error.

How does 4B/5B represent a nibble?

As five-bit values known as symbols

What are the three measures for Data Transfer?

Bandwidth

Throughput

Goodput

What is the difference between throughput and goodput?

Throughput is the measure of bits over a given time and goodput is the measure of usable data transferred over a given period of time

Which measure of data transfer is most important to the end user?

Goodput

What are the standards for copper media defined for?

Type of copper cabling used

Bandwidth of the communication

Type of connectors used

Pinout and color codes of connections to the media

Maximum distance of the media

What type of connector is commonly used in copper cabling?

RJ-45

What is done to the pairs of wires to minimize signal degradation due to electronic noise?

Shielding and twisting of the wires

What are the other methods listed to limit the susceptibility of copper cables to noise?

Selecting the cable type or category most suited to protect the data signals in a given networking environment

Designing a cable infrastructure to avoid known and potential sources of interference in the building structure

Using cabling techniques that include the proper handling and termination of the cables

What is crosstalk?

The interference caused by the magnetic field around the adjacent pairs of wires in the cable

What is used to limit crosstalk?

Twisting pairs of wires

What changes in the twist from one pair of wires to the next pair of wires to improve the limitation of crosstalk?

The number of twists per meter changes

What are some of the elements defined by the TIA/EIA 568A standard?

Cable types

Cable lengths

Connectors

Cable termination

Methods of testing cable

Why is it wasteful to install less expensive but lower rated cabling?

If the decision is later made to adopt a faster LAN technology, total replacement of the installed cable infrastructure may be required.

What is UTP cable terminated with?

RJ-45 connectors

What are the three types of Ethernet cables?

Ethernet Straight-through

Ethernet Crossover

Rollover

What is a straight-through used for?

Host to network device such as a hub or switch

What is a crossover used for?

Connecting two hosts

Connecting to network intermediary devices

What is a rollover used for?

Connecting a computers serial port to the console port of a router (with an adapter)

What happens if you use the wrong type of cable when connecting devices?

Communication will not occur

What are the other two type of copper cabling?

1. Coaxial

2. Shielded Twisted-Pair (STP)

What has replaced the use of coaxial cable in today's Ethernet installations?

UTP

What type types of materials can be used for fiber optic cabling?

Glass or plastic

What is the encoding method for fiber optic?

Light pulses

What are the issues with implementing fiber optic cabling?

More expensive (usually) than copper media over the same distance (but for a higher capacity)

Different skills and equipment required to terminate and splice the cable infrastructure

More careful handling than copper media

What areas usually implement fiber optic cabling?

Backbone and between buildings

What are the major advantages of using fiber optic between buildings?

Optical fiber does not conduct electricity and has low signal loss

How many cables are needed for each fiber optic connection? Why?

2, they can only operate in one direction

What are the two types of fiber optic cables?

Single mode and multimode

How do wireless media carry electromagnetic signals?

Radio and microwave frequencies that represent the binary digits of data communications

What is the major concern for wireless signals?

Security

What are the 4 standards for wireless networks?

IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.15

IEEE 802.16

Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)

What are the two network devices necessary to implement a wireless network?

Wireless Access Point (AP) - Concentrates the wireless signals from users and connects, usually through a copper cable, to the existing copper-based network infrastructure such as Ethernet.

Wireless NIC adapters - Provides wireless communication capability to each network host.

What are the WLAN Ethernet standards?

IEEE 802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, IEEE 802.11n

What are some of the CAT5 termination that may performed onsite?

crimped connections to terminate Cat5 media with RJ-45 plugs to make patch cables, and the use of punched down connections on 110 patch panels and RJ-45 jacks

What are the differences in the termination of the two cables pictured?

Insulation cut back to far and wires untwisted too much

What could happen if wires are not terminated correctly?

Damaging voltage levels may be applied between interconnected devices