A&P1 Lab Exam 1

Total Magnification

Ocular lens (10X) x Objective lens
Example: 10X x 40X (Obj.) = 400

Microscopy Steps

1. Start on 4x objective
2. Secure slide on stage
3. Use course adjustment knob
to raise stage
4. Use stage control knobs to
move specimen into view
5. Slowly lower the stage until
specimen is in focus
6. Fine tune focus with fine
adjustment knob
7. Move up to 10x objective lens
8. Fine tune focus with fine
adjustment knob
9. Move up to 40x objective lens
10. Fine tune focus with fine
adjustment knob

The life of a cell contains two divisions

Interphase and Cell Division

Cell Division

Includes mitosis and cytokinesis

Interphase

Includes G1,S, and G@

G1 phase

• Normal function
• Division preparation
o ↑ Organelles & cytoplasm
o Centriole replication begins

S phase

DNA replication

G2 phase

Last minute protein synthesis, organization & completion of centriole replication

Epithelial Tissue

Functions
• Protection
• Absorption
• Filtration
• Excretion
• Secretion
• Sensory reception
Characteristics
• Polarity
• Cellularity and specialized contacts
• Supported by connective tissue
• Avascularity
• Regeneration

Connective Tissue

Functions
• Protect other tissues
• Support other tissues
• Bind other tissues
Characteristics
• Rich supply of blood vessels (mostly)
• Composed of many cell types
• Extracellular matrix between cells
o Ground substance
-Interstitial fluid, adhesion proteins & proteoglycans
o Fibers
-Collagen, elastic &/or reticular

What phase is shown at A?

Telophase

What phase is shown at B?

Anaphase

What phase is shown at C?

Interphase

What phase is shown at D?

Prophase

What phase is shown at E?

Metaphase

Simple Squamous

Structure: single layer of this, flat cells; the relatively flat single nucleus of each cell bulges at its center

Function: thinnest possible barrier to allow for rapid diffusion and filtration; secretion in serous membranes

Location: air sacs in lungs (alveoli); lining of lumen of blood vessels and lymph vessels (endothelium); serous membranes if body cavities (mesothelium), segments of kidney tubules

Simple Cuboidal

Structure: single layer of cells about as tall as they are wide; spherical and centrally located nucleus

Function: absorption and secretion; forms secretory tissue of most glands and small ducts

Location: lining of kidney tubules; thyroid gland follicles; surface of ovary; secretory regions and ducts of most exocrine glands

Simple Columnar

Structure: single layer of non ciliated cells taller than they are wide; oval-shaped nucleus oriented lengthwise in basal region of cell; apical surface of cell may have microvilli; may contain goblet cells

Function: absorption and secretion

Location: lining of most of gastrointestinal (digestive) tract (stomach, small intestine, and large intestine)

Ciliated Pseudo stratified Columnar

Structure: single layer of cells with varying heights; all cells connect to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the apical surface; has goblet cells and cilia

Function: protection; secretion of mucin and movement of mucus along apical surface of epithelium by cilia

Location: lining of the larger airways of respiratory tract, including nasal cavity, part of pharynx, parts of larynx, trachea, and bronchi

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous

Structure: multiple cells layers, basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral, whereas apical (superficial) cells are squamous; all cells are living; each cell contains a nucleus and organelles and lacks keratin; superficial cells kept moist

Function: protection of underlying tissue from abrasion

Location: lining of mouth, part of pharynx, parts of larynx, esophagus, lining of vagina and anus

Keratinized Stratified Squamous

Structure: multiple cells layers, basal cells are cuboidal or polyhedral and alive, whereas apical (superficial) cells are squamous, lack a nucleus and organelles, are filled with the protein keratin, and are dead

Function: protection of underlying tissue from abrasion

Location: epidermis of skin

areolor

Structure: scattered fibroblasts within an abundant viscous ground substance; few elastic and collagen fibers; many blood vessels

Function: protects tissue and organs; binds skin and some epithelia to deeper tissue; provided space for blood vessels and nerves

Location: papillary layer of the dermis (skin); subcutaneous layer (deep to skin); surrounds organs, nerve cells, some muscle cells, and component of blood vessel walls

adipose

Structure: closely packed adipocytes; nucleus pushed to edge of cells by large fat droplet; contains many blood vessels

Function: stores, energy; insulated, cushions, and protects

Location: subcutaneous layer; surrounds and covers some organs

dense regular

Structure: fibroblasts squeezed between densely packed, parallel arrays of collagen fibers; scarce ground substance; limited blood vessels

Function: attach bone to bone (most ligaments) as well as muscle to bone (tendon); resists stress applied in one direction

Location: tendons (attach muscle to bone); ligaments (typically attach bone to bone)

dense irregular

Structure: fibroblasts between densely packed but randomly arranged and clumped collagen fibers; more ground substance than in dense regular connective tissue; extensive blood vessels

Function: withstands stresses applied in all directions; durable

Location: reticular layer of the dermis (skin): epimysium covering skeletal muscle; epineurium covering nerves; periosteum covering bone; perichondrium covering cartilage; some organ capsules

hyaline cartilage

Structure: irregularly arranged chondrocytes in lacunae; glassy- appearing ground substance; collagen fibers are not visible

Function: provides support; forms most of fetal skeleton

Location: tip of nose; trachea; bronchi; most of larynx, costal cartilage; both the epiphyseal (growth) plates and articular ends of long bones; most of fetal skelton

Fibrocartilage

Structure: large chondrocytes in lacunae; numerous, parallel collagen fibers; limited ground substance

Function: weight- bearing cartilage that resists compression; acts as shock absorber in some joints

Location: intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; menisci of knee joints

elastic cartilage

Structure: closely packed chondrocytes in lacunae; abundant elastic fibers that form weblike mesh; limited ground substance

Function: maintains shape while permitting extensive flexibility

Location: external ear; epiglottis of larynx