EXSS256 3B Hormones

Where are the adrenal glands located?

on top of the kidneys

What are the two components of the adrenal glands

adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

Aldosterone

Hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water

What is aldosterone regulated by

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Dehydration or sodium deficiency cause blood pressureto

drop

When the body notices a drop in blood pressure, what hormone do the kidneys produce and why

Renin; so the liver can release angiotensinogen

What does angiotensinogen produce during the renin angiotensin aldosterone pathway

Angiotensin 1

Where is angiotensin 1 sent during the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pathway and what do they produce when they arrive

the lungs; ACE is found to produce angiotensin 2

what are the two paths that angiotensin 2 can go

fast and slow

fast path for angiotensin

angiotensin squeezes muscles around blood vessels to increase blood pressure

what happens of the slow path for angiotensin

the adrenal cortex is stimulated to release aldosterone, then aldosterone takes sodium and puts it in the blood, which attracts water

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that increases the permeability of cells membranes, so they absorb more water, especially from urine, stops urine production

which pituitary gland is Vasopressin stored in

posterior

what are the major physiological effects of Vasopressin

decreases urine volume by causing kidneys to reabsorb water, and constriction of blood vessels causing blood pressure to increase

what stimulates the release of Vasopressin

increased blood osmolarity, decreased blood volume from dehydration, sweating, hemorrhage, vomiting, diarrhea

Cortisol

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

Glucocorticoid

steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex; regulates glucose, fat, and protein metabolism

what is the first step in cortisol production

corticotropin is released from hypothalamus

what happens after corticotropin is released from hypothalamus

it is sent to the pituitary and turns into adrenocorticotropin

what happens after corticotropin turns into adrenocorticotropin

it is sent to the adrenal cortex and released as cortisol

hormones of the adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.

Norepinephrine

helps control alertness and arousal; undersupply can depress mood

metabolic effects of adrenal medulla hormones

increased substrate use and mobilization, increased glycogen breakdown, increased lipolysis

cardiovascular effects of adrenal medulla hormones

increased heart rate and contractility, increased blood pressure, increased blood flow to heart liver muscle and adipose tissue, increased dilation of airways

Catecholamines

dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Glucocorticoids

raises blood sugar levels

Mineralocorticoids

One of the major groups of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. It regulates water and electrolyte balance in extracellular flid, mainly by regulatind sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubules. Chiefly aldosterone.

stimuli for the release of catecholamines

Increases in SNS activity

Decreased blood sugar level

Increase in emotional stress

Exercise

what hormones work quickly and why

epinephrine and norepinephrine because nerves stimulate them

what hormones work slowly

TSH, hGH, ACTH

How does the nervous system contribute to hormone release

stimulates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine

pancreatic hormones

insulin and glucagon

Insulin

A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues

Is insulin anabolic or catabolic?

Anabolic, since it makes glycogen

insulin is released from pancreatic ___ cells

beta

Does insulin increase or decrease blood glucose?

decrease

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

Is glucagon anabolic or catabolic?

Catabolic, since it breaks down glycogen into glucose.

glucagon is released from pancreatic ___ cells

alpha

negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

glucagon and insulin are regulated by a

negative feedback loop

low blood sugar stimulates ___

glucagon

high blood sugar stimulates ___

insulin release

diabetes mellitus

insulin is not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects

Diabetes Type 1

No insulin is produced. Either born with it or developed at a young age

diabetes type 2

insulin is produced but receptors don't receive it

what are symptoms of diabetes

Frequent urination, increased thirst, weight loss