Urinary Terms

cyst/o

bladder

vesic/o

bladder

glomerul/o

glomerulus

nephr/o

kidney

ren/o

kidney

pyel/o

renal pelvis

ureter/o

ureter

urethr/o

urethra

Meatus

condition or structure of an opening

Renal

pertaining to the kidney

Nephropexy

fixation of the kidney

Suprarenal

pertaining to above the kidney

ur/o

urine, urinary tract

urin/o

urine, urinary tract

azot/o

nitrogenous compounds

Urinary

pertaining to urine or urinary tract

meat/o

opening, meatus

-pexy

fixation (of an organ)

-uria

urine

dia-

across, through

olig/o

scanty

lith/o

stone, calculus

-emia

blood condition

-iasis

abnormal condition (produced by something specified)

-pathy

disease

-ptosis

prolapse, downward displacement

an-

without, not

poly-

many, much

supra-

above; excessive; superior

-cele

hernia, swelling

dys-

bad; painful; difficult

hypo-

under, below; deficient

-spadias

slit, fissure

-lysis

separation; destruction; loosening

-tripsy

crushing

BUN

blood urea nitrogen; laboratory test that measures the amount of urea (nitrogenous waste product) in blood and demonstrates the kidney’s ability to filter urea from blood for excretion in urine

UA

urinalysis; physical, chemical, and microscopic analysis of urine

CKD

chronic kidney disease

CRF

chronic renal failure

UTI

urinary tract infection; infection of the kidneys, ureters, or bladder by microorganisms that either ascend from the urethra or spread to the kidney from the bloodstream

Cystoscopy

visual examination of the bladder

Pyeloplasty

surgical repair of the renal pelvis

Dialysis

separation, destruction, or loosening through or across

Lithotripsy

crushing of a stone or calculus

Pyelography

the process of recording the renal pelvis; radiographic study of the kidneys, ureters, and usually, the bladder after injection of a contrast agent

Intravenous pyelography

the process of recording the renal pelvis pertaining to within the vein; radiographic imaging in which a contrast medium is injected intravenously, and serial x-ray films are taken to provide visualization of the entire urinary tract

Retrograde pyelography

the process of recording the renal pelvis going from backward or behind; radiographic imaging in which a contrast medium is introduced through a cystoscope directly into the bladder and ureters to provide detailed visualization of the urinary structures and to locate urinary tract obstruction

Cystourethrography

the process of recording the bladder and urethra

Lithotripsy

crushing of a stone or calculus; method of removing stones by crushing them into smaller pieces so that they can be expelled in urine

Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

crushing stones pertaining to outside the body; use of powerful sound wave vibrations to break up stones in the kidneys

Nephrolithotomy

incision of the kidney stone; surgical procedure that involves a small incision in the skin and insertion of an endoscope into the kidney to remove a renal calculus

Vesicocele

hernia or swelling of the bladder

Glomerulopathy

disease of the glomerulus

Hydronephrosis

abnormal condition of water in the kidney

Uremia

blood condition of the urine or urinary tract

Ureterostenosis

narrowing or stricture of the ureter

Urethrocele

hernia or swelling of the urethra

Azotemia

blood condition of nitrogenous compounds

Lithiasis

abnormal condition of a stone or calculus

Nephropathy

disease of the kidney

Nephroptosis

prolapse or downward displacement of the kidney

Oliguria

scanty urine

Anuria

without urine

Polyuria

much urine

Azoturia

nitrogenous compounds in the urine; increase of nitrogenous substances, especially in urea, in urine

Cystocele

hernia or swelling in the bladder; bulging of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina as a result of weakening or supportive tissue between the bladder and the vagina

Diuresis

condition of double urine; increased formation and secretion of urine

Dysuria

bad, painful, or difficult urine; painful or difficult urination, typically caused by a urinary tract condition such as cystitis

Enuresis

condition within urine; involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which bladder control should be established

Hypospadias

slit, or fissure under or below; abnormal congenital opening of the male urethra on the undersurface of the penis

Nephrolithiasis

abnormal condition of a stone or calculus in the kidney; formation of calculi in the kidney that results when substances that are normally dissolved in urine solidify

Renal hypertension

pertaining to the kidney stretching excessive amounts; high blood pressure that results from kidney disease

Uremia

blood in the urine; elevated level of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in blood

urinary system

filters blood, removes waste/toxins, and is responsible for urine production. regulates water balance, acid-base balance (pH), electrolyte levels

kidney location

posterior abdominal wall. right is slightly lower than the left

pathway of urine

kidney → ureter → bladder → urethra

nephron

functional unit of the kidney. smallest structur than can carry out all the functions of the organ

glomerulus

ball of capillaries with specialized cells to create a “sieve” to filter blood

kidney anatomy

cortex (outermost portion)

medulla (inner compared to cortex)

renal pelvis (inner most - like veins to the medulla)

ureter

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

measure of how well the kidneys filter blood

normal: 100-120 ml/min (144,000-172,000 ml/day and 38-46 gal/day)

urine production

1-2 L/day average

male vs female urinary system

females: shorter urethra

males: urethra is opening for both urinay and reproductive systems. male prostate surrounding urethra

problematic urinary system anatomy: urethra

female: short urethra

male: prostate surrounding urethra

urinary tract infection (UTI)

bacterial infection anywhere alone the urinary tract that can lead to urethritis, cystitis, or pyelonephritis

symptoms: urge to urinate, burning while urinating, cloudy/bloody urine, frequent/small amounts of urine

how many individuals in the US live with end stage kidney disease (ESKD)?

831,192 - very prevalent increase with age

treatment of end stage kidney disease

~ 70% require dialysis

~ 30 % require renal transplant

chronic renal failure (CRF)

continued kidney damage over months/years. caused by diabetes, HTN, prolonged urinary tract obstruction, recurrent infection. fatal without dialysis or transplant

kidney transplant

keep old one in because there are still SOME functioning glomeruli