TRIALS OF APOLLO (HANDOUTS)

DAY 1 AND DAY 2 PPTS

A location in space, fixed position, static.

Point

Connects two points in space; defines an enclosed space; joins, intersects, connects, divides, articulates edges and surfaces.

Line

Flat two-dimensional surface with no thickness (overhead, wall, base planes) but has length and width.

Plane

Measurement of a three-dimensional shape enclosed by a closed surface and has length, width, and depth.

Volume

Refers to the size.

Scale

Refers to the relationship of one element to another. Refers also to the relative sizes within structures.

Proportion

Project Urbain “Germania”

Albert Speer

Types of Proportion

Mathematical Ratios and Sequences (ex. Golden Ratio)

Mathematical Proportion

Types of Proportion

In scale with the human body, focuses on comfort and usability

(Ex. Modulor)

Human Proportion

Types of Proportion

Space Dimension correlates to their intended purpose

Functional Proportion

Types of Proportion

Materials used in a building

Material Proportion

Types of Proportion

How a building visually appear

Visual Proportion

Types of Proportion

Often associated with rituals and culture

Traditionally-Accepted Proportion

The ratio of the smaller to the larger is the same as the proportion of the larger to the whole.

Golden Ratio

Human measurement system by Le Corbusier based on the Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci Series

Modulor

Japanese measuring unit that evolved into an aesthetic module that ordered the structure, materials, and space of Japanese architecture.

Ken

Characteristic outline or surface configuration of a form.

Shape

Physical dimensions of length, width, and depth of a form.

Size

A phenomenon of light and visual perception described by hue, tonal value, and saturation.

Color

Visual and tactile quality of a surface.

Texture

Location of a form relative to its environment.

Position

Direction of a form relative to the ground, the compass points, the viewer, or other forms.

Orientation

The degree of stability of a form.

Visual Inertia

Generated by the revolution of a semi-circle about its diameter.

Sphere

Generated by the revolution of a rectangle about one of its sides.

Cylinder

Generated by the revolution of a right triangle about one of its sides.

Cone

Polyhedron; having polygonal base and triangular faces meeting at a common point.

Pyramid

Prismatic solid bounded by six equal square sides.

Cube

Where parts are organized in a consistent and orderly manner.

Regular Forms

Where parts are NOT organized in a consistently regular way.

Irregular Forms

• External appearance that can be recognized

• Can refer to internal structure as reflected by external outline

• Has direction, either vertical or horizontal

• Has shape, geometric qualities

Form

Altering one or more of its sides, form still retains identity.

Dimensional Transformation

Subtracting a portion of its volume, can retain original identity or transform into another form.

Subtractive Transformation

Addition of elements to its volume, can retain original identity or transform into another form.

Additive Transformation

• The principle of unity is defined in the way the buildings is structured to create a visual harmony.

• Gives a sense of openness to a visual image.

• Can be achieved through:

  • Coherence

  • Common Quality

  • Consistency

  • Harmony

Unity

Creates visual stability, either symmetrical or asymmetrical.

Balance (Equilibrium)

Balance relative to an axis

• Centralized

• Formal

• Radial

Symmetrical Balance

Informal grouping of elements

Asymmetrical Balance

The elements within the design are identical in relation to a centerline or axis (ex. Taj Mahal).

Formal Balance

Design elements radiate outward from the center.

Radial Balance

Parts of the design are not identical but are equal in visual weight.

Asymmetrical or Informal Balance

Movement through space; perceptual thread that links the exterior/interior spaces of a structure.

Circulation

• Frontal

• Oblique

• Spiral

• Distant View

Building Approach

From outside to inside.

• Implied (Gateway, Change of Level)

• Real

• Flushed, projected, recessed

• Emphasized, circuitous

• Centered, off-center

• Articulated

Building Entrance

What type of Building Entrance?

Torii Gates in Japan

Implied (Gateway)

What type of Building Approach?

Fallingwater in Pennsylvania

Spiral

What type of Building Approach?

Louvre Museum in Paris, France

Distant View

• Is achieved through contrast.

• Many architects create a focal point to their buildings to attract attention.

• An entrance is often a focal point.

Emphasis

What is the configuration of the path?

Quezon Memorial Circle

Radial

What is the configuration of the path?

Intramuros

Grid

• Exterior (promenade, malls)

• Interior (corridors, balconies, galleries, stairs, rooms)

• Enclosed, open on one side, open on both sides

Form of the circulation space

• Pass by spaces

• Path through spaces

• Terminate in a space

Path-space relationships

• It has been defined as the relative position of one three-dimensional entity to another.

• It also has been called as volume.

Space

A space may be contained within the volume of a larger space.

Space within a Space

Two spaces may rely on an intermediary space for their relationship.

Spaces linked by a Common Space

Two spaces may share a common boarder.

Adjacent Spaces

The field of a space may overlap the volume of another space.

Interlocking Space

The organization of a series of spaces into one recognizable whole.

Spatial Organization

Central, dominant space about which a number of secondary spaces are grouped.

Centralized Organization

A linear sequence of repetitive spaces.

Linear Organization

Spaces organized within the field of a structural grid or other 3D framework.

Grid Organization

Spaces grouped by proximity or the sharing of a common visual trait or relationship.

Clustered Organization

A central space from which linear organizations of space extend in a radial manner.

Radial Organization

What type of spatial organization?

St. Peter’s Basilica in Vatican City

Centralized

What type of spatial organization?

St. Peter’s Square in Vatican City

Centralized

• Is concerned with flat planes.

• Architectural spaces may come in the traditional concept of boxed spaces.

Euclidean Architecture

• Includes elliptical, hyperbolic, and fractal geometry made possible by advanced technologies and software.

• Architectural spaces may come through non-conventional forms.

Non-Euclidean Architecture

Example of Euclidean Architecture

The Cultural Center of the Philippines

Example of Non-Euclidean Architecture (1)

Canton Tower in Guangzhou, China

Example of Non-Euclidean Architecture (2)

Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, Spain

Display both Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Architecture

Gothic Cathedrals

The comparative study of the measurements and capabilities of the human body.

Anthropometrics

The process of designing or arranging workplaces, products, and systems so that they fit the people who use them.

Ergonomics

Major axis of 24 inches (60.9cm) and a minor axis of 18 inches (45.7cm). This ellipse has an area of 2.3 square feet (0.21 sqm), and represents the space occupied by a standing person.

The Concept of the Body Ellipse

The term was coined by Edward Hall. It is the study of measurable distances between people as they interact.

Proxemics

• The personal space or bubble around one person.

• It ranges out to one foot and involves high probability of touching.

Body Territory (Intimate)

• One’s home, vehicles, or living space.

• This is used among friends and family members.

Primary Territory (Personal)

• A structured place where entry is reserved for particular individuals and certain norms are expected, like a school, office, church.

• This is used to separate strangers in public areas.

Secondary Territory (Social)

• An open space where one can come and go, like a park or shopping mall.

• This is the distance maintained between the audience and the speaker.

Public Territory (Public)

Spaces that tends to keep people apart and suppress communication. Promotes seclusion.

Sociofugal Space (gridlike)

Spaces that encourages solidarity. It brings people together and stimulates interaction as routes merge and overlap.

Sociopetal Space (radial)

• Applied to any building that incorporates a mixture of the historical styles.

• Refers to any design that incorporates elements of traditional motifs and styles, decorative aesthetics and ornaments, structural features, and so on, that originated from other cultures or architectural periods.

Eclecticism

Proponents of Eclecticism

United States

• Henry Richardson

• Louis H. Sullivan

Proponents of Eclecticism

Britain

• Auguste Pugin

• Richard Shaw

• Sir George Scott

• Alfred Waterhouse

Proponents of Eclecticism

France

• Eugene Viollet-le-duc

Proponents of Eclecticism

Germany

• Gottfried Semper

London’s most notable eclectic building.

House of Parliament by Auguste Pugin

The recourse to the historical styles as evident in the historical revival styles in architecture.

Example:

• Gothic Revival

• Renaissance Revival

• Greek Revival

• Neo Classifical

Historicism

Architectural style of the San Sebastian Church?

Gothic Revival

Architectural style of the Lincoln Memorial by Henry Bacon?

Neo Classical

• Iron construction, initiated by Joseph Paxton’s Crystal Palace, brought about a trend in architecture.

• Numerous exhibition halls, locomotive sheds, and other large-scale “engineering” types of structure followed.

Structuralism

• In architecture, one aspect of individualism stand out: the idea of building monuments.

• “The form of an object should last” - Adolf Loos

Monumentalism

Which architect said, “The form of an object should last”?

Adolf Loos

Adolf Loos’ contribution to his entry for the Chicago Tribune Tower competition in 1922.

Building with a form of a huge Doric column

Turbine Shop, AEG Factory, Berlin

Peter Behrens

Posen Tower; Breslare Centennial Exhibition

Hans Poelzig

Bolstered by ideas of national aggrandizement, this self-emulating style fed on particular local historical motifs and devices as well as the associative aspects of the great historical periods in architecture so beloved by the eclectics.

National Romanticism

Proponents of National Romanticism

Glasgow

Charles Rennie Mackintosh

Proponents of National Romanticism

Finland

• Eliel Saarinen

• Lars Sonck

• Gallen-Kallela

Proponents of National Romanticism

Britain

• Richard Norman Shaw

• Charles Voysey