Chapter 11 - The Prokaryotes: Domains Bacteria and Archaea

Bergey’s Manual

categorizes bacteria into taxa based on rRNA sequences.

Bergey’s Manual lists identifying characteristics

Gram stain reaction, cellular morphology, oxygen requirements, and nutritional properties.

Prokaryotic organisms are classified into two domains

Archaea and Bacteria.

Bacteria functions

essential to life on Earth.

Phylum Proteobacteria Gram stain status

Gram

Alphaproteobacteria metabolic groups

Include nitrogen

Betaproteobacteria metabolic groups

Include chemoautotrophs and chemoheterotrophs

Gammaproteobacteria major orders

Pseudomonadales, Legionellales, Vibrionales, Enterobacteriales, and Pasteurellales

Deltaproteobacteria predatory genera

Bdellovibrio and Myxococcus which prey on other bacteria

Epsilonproteobacteria representative genera

Campylobacter and Helicobacter

Cyanobacteria metabolic characteristics

Photoautotrophs that use light energy and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen

Purple and green photosynthetic bacteria characteristics

Photoautotrophs that use light energy and carbon dioxide but do not produce oxygen

Deinococcus and Thermus survival traits

Highly resistant to environmental extremes

Nonproteobacteria Gram

negative chemoheterotrophic phyla

Phylum Firmicutes characteristics

Low G plus C gram

Phylum Firmicutes selected classes

Bacilli and Clostridia

Phylum Tenericutes characteristics

Low G plus C wall

Phylum Tenericutes selected class

Mycoplasmas

Phylum Actinobacteria characteristics

High G plus C gram

Phylum Actinobacteria selected class

Actinobacteria

Phylum Crenarchaeota characteristics

Thermophiles and hyperthermophiles

Phylum Crenarchaeota selected class

Thermoprotei

Phylum Euryarchaeota selected classes

Methanobacteria and Halobacteria

Methanobacteria ecological importance

Important sources of methane

Phylum Nanoarchaeota characteristics

Obligate symbionts with other archaea

Phylum Korarchaeota characteristics

Hyperthermophiles

Alphaproteobacteria nutrient requirements

Most are capable of growing with very low levels of nutrients

Prosthecae definition

Stalks or buds found on many alphaproteobacteria

Rickettsia growth characteristic

Obligate intracellular parasites

Rickettsia prowazekii pathogen role

Causes epidemic typhus

Rickettsia typhi pathogen role

Causes endemic murine typhus

Rickettsia rickettsii pathogen role

Causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever

Ehrlichia transmission vector

Transmitted by ticks

Bordetella pertussis disease

Causes whooping cough

Neisseria gonorrhoeae disease

Causes gonorrhoea

Neisseria meningitidis disease

Causes meningococcal meningitis

Escherichia coli common clinical conditions

Causes foodborne disease and urinary tract infections

Salmonella serovars abundance

Has 2500 serovars

Salmonella typhi specific disease manifestation

Causes typhoid fever

Shigella primary disease manifestation

Causes bacillary dysentery

Klebsiella pneumoniae primary disease manifestation

Causes pneumonia

Serratia common clinical relevance

Common cause of nosocomial infections

Proteus characteristic motility

Swarming motility where colonies form concentric rings

Yersinia pestis disease manifestation

Causes plague

Erwinia biological role

Plant pathogens

Pseudomonas general clinical role

Opportunistic pathogens causing nosocomial infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical conditions

Causes wound and urinary tract infections

Azotobacter and Azomonas metabolic function

Nitrogen

Moraxella lacunata clinical manifestation

Causes conjunctivitis

Acinetobacter baumannii clinical role

Respiratory pathogen that is resistant to antibiotics

Vibrio cholerae clinical condition

Causes cholera

Vibrio parahaemolyticus clinical condition

Causes gastroenteritis

Bdellovibrio predatory mechanism

Attacks other gram

Desulfovibrio primary habitats

Found in anaerobic sediments and intestinal tracts

Campylobacter jejuni primary clinical manifestation

Causes foodborne intestinal disease

Helicobacter clinical significance

Cause peptic ulcers and stomach cancer

Cyanobacteria primary metabolic pathway

Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

Cyanobacteria specialized nitrogen

fixing cells

Phyla Chlorobi and Chloroflexi type of photosynthesis

Carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis

Chlamydia trachomatis common clinical manifestations

Causes trachoma and urethritis

Chlamydophila psittaci primary clinical condition

Causes respiratory psittacosis

Chlamydophila pneumoniae clinical condition and target population

Causes a mild form of pneumonia prevalent in young adults

Bacteroidetes oxygen requirement

Anaerobic

Bacteroides anatomical locations

Found in the mouth and large intestine

Cytophaga ecological function

Degrade cellulose in soil

Fusobacteria oxygen requirement

Anaerobic

Fusobacteria anatomical location and clinical condition

Found in the mouth and cause dental abscesses

Treponema pallidum clinical manifestation

Causes syphilis

Borrelia clinical manifestations

Causes relapsing fever and Lyme disease

Leptospira environmental source

Excreted in animal urine

Deinococcus radiodurans survival trait

More resistant to radiation than endospores

Thermus aquaticus biotechnology relevance

Source of Taq polymerase

Firmicutes

low G + C ratios

Tenericutes

low G + C ratios

Actinobacteria

high G + C ratios

B. anthracis

causes anthrax

B. thuringiensis

is an insect pathogen

B. cereus

causes food poisoning

Staphylococcus

Grapelike clusters

S. aureus

Causes wound infections + produces an enterotoxin

Lactobacillus

colonize the body and are used commercially in food production

Streptococcus virulence mechanism

Produce enzymes that destroy tissue

Streptococcus mutans clinical condition

Causes dental caries

M. tuberculosis

causes tuberculosis

M. leprae

causes leprosy

C. diphtheriae

causes diphtheria

G. vaginalis

causes vaginitis

Frankia biological function

Forms nitrogen

Streptomyces habitat and industrial role

Isolated from soil and produce most antibiotics

Actinomyces morphology and anatomical location

Form filaments in the mouth and throat

Nocardia asteroides clinical manifestation

Causes pulmonary infections

Halophiles environmental requirement

Require a salt concentration greater than 25 percent

Thermophiles environmental requirement

Require a growth temperature greater than 80 degrees Celsius

Methanogens metabolic characteristics

Anaerobic organisms that produce methane