Test three written

What is universal in terms of music across cultures, vs. what differs (just 1-2 examples of each)

What differs: Actual instruments INDONESIAN GAMELAN, Suling in Bali. Or different types of notes: Raga in India. What is the same: music exists in every culture, and we use to communicate to infants. 

Music Aids in reproduction

Music may have been a precursor to language. Evidence for: other species (birdsong), music leads to passion. Evidence against: musical skill and expression is not sexually dimorphic and usually reproductive benefit traits are.

Nurturing social bonds

Monkeys grooming themselves is a form of bonding. Humans may have engaged in “vocal grooming,” out of which came music and language.

Training coordinated movement

Music can coordinate groups of people to do things like hunting, herding. Theory doesn't address non-rhythmic aspects of music.

Promoting environmental conjoinment

Human babies are helpless for a while. Music may provide an additional bond between caregiver and child to aid with this period.

Enhancing cognitive and social skill:

Music is flexible; different meanings in different contexts/cultures. Flexibility: greater social and cognitive skill.

Affective engagement:

Theory of the mind(perspective taking). Evidence for: correlation between musical training and emotional cognition. Evidence against: some studies don't find a relationship between emotional cognition and musical skill.

Non-adaptationist accounts:

Genetic drift, environmental induction. Exaptations: co opting a trait that was initially evolved to do something else. Feathers were for insulation, not flying. Insect wings were for cooling, not flying. Music has different modules (pitch rhythm) that may have different origins.

Transformative technology:

Music may have been invented rather than evolved. Still profound effect on biology/ organism (fire, money, medicine, phones) Transformative technology

Cultural evolution

Speedy evolution through ratchet process of composition, record keeping

Particulate principle:

Idea that language and music have different building blocks, when combined they mean different things.

Developmental methods

1. Infants prefer new things

2. Determine what the infant considers to be novel

3. If a stimulus was once novel and is no longer, learning has occurred

4. If the stimulus can be made novel again through a slight change, the change must be perceptible. 

• Head turn/response look time

• Differential sucking rate

• Heart rate 

TMS

good spatial and temporal resolution

fMRI

good spacial resolution, bad temporal resolution

EEG

Good temporal resolution; poor spatial resolution

Right hemisphere:

melody/pitch, timbre, emotional reaction, meter

Left hemisphere

language in music, sight reading, note naming, rhythm