apush ch 4-6 unit 2

Headright system

whoever paid passage of a laborer received right to 50 acres of land

William berkeley

Virginia's governor who bacons rebellion rebelled against

Nathaniel bacon

29 year old planter who led rebellion

Bacon's rebellion

an armed rebellion by Virginia settlers and their indentured servants and slaves, that took place from 1676 to 1677. It was led by a 29 year old farmer against Colonial Governor William Berkeley, after Berkeley refused his request to drive American Indians out of Virginia

Royal african company

an English trading company established in 1660 by the House of Stuart and City of London merchants to trade along the West African coast; lost monopoly in 1698 so americans rushed to cash in on slave trade; supply of slaves rose steeply

Middle passage

the stage of the Atlantic slave trade in which millions of Africans sold for enslavement were forcibly transported to the Americas as part of the triangular slave trade; death rates ~20%

Slave codes

laws that separated slaves and servants on the basis of race and made black slaves and their children properties of their white masters for life

Congregational church

a Reformed Christianity (Calvinist) tradition of Protestant Christianity in which churches practise c—- government. Each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs.

Jeremiad

a long literary work, usually in prose, but sometimes in verse, in which the author bitterly laments the state of society and its morals in a serious tone of sustained invective, and always contains a prophecy of society's imminent downfall.

Half way covenant

a form of partial church membership adopted by the Congregational churches of colonial New England in the 1660s. The Puritan-controlled Congregational churches required evidence of a personal conversion experience before granting church membership and the right to have one's children baptized.

Salem witch trials

a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraft in colonial Massachusetts between February 1692 and May 1693. More than 200 people were accused.Thirty people were found guilty, nineteen of whom were executed by hanging

Leisler's rebellion

an uprising in late-17th century colonial New York in which German American merchant and militia captain seized control of the southern portion of the colony and ruled it from 1689 to 1691. The uprising took place in the aftermath of England's Glorious Revolution and the 1689 Boston revolt in the Dominion of New England, which had included New York. The rebellion reflected colonial resentment against the policies of the deposed King James II

Pennsylvanian dutch

germans who made up a third of the colony’s population

Scots-Irish

Scots lowlanders who had been transplanted to northern Ireland but moved to America and were the first settlers of the american west

Great wagon road

a chain of scots-irish settlements lay scattered along the appalachian foothills from pennsylvania to georgia

Paxton boys

armed march led by the scots-irish which protested against the quaker oligarchy's lenient policy towards the indians

Regulator movement

in north carolina, a small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony’s affairsin 1766-1771. Included andrew jackson any other future american revolutionaries

Michel-guillaume jean de crèvecoeur

french settler who saw america in the 1770s and described it as “a strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country”

Gullah

a unique language formed by a mix of english and african languages spoken by african americans in the 1700s

New york slave revolt

revolt in 1712 that led to the death of nine whites and the execution of 21 blacks

South carolina slave revolt

50+ blacks seized weapons from a local shop and tried to march to spanish florida but were stopped by local militia

Stono river

where the south carolina slave revolt marched

Anthony johnson

a slave from northampton county, virginia who was able to buy his freedom and became a slaveholder himself in the 17th century

Borderlands

areas between european empires and native civilizations

Pennsylvanian dutch

germans who made up a third of the colony’s population

Scots-Irish

Scots lowlanders who had been transplanted to northern Ireland but moved to America and were the first settlers of the american west

Great wagon road

a chain of scots-irish settlements lay scattered along the appalachian foothills from pennsylvania to georgia

Paxton boys

armed march led by the scots-irish which protested against the quaker oligarchy's lenient policy towards the indians

Regulator movement

in north carolina, a small but nasty insurrection against eastern domination of the colony’s affairs. Included andrew jackson any other future american revolutionaries

Michel-guillaume jean de crèvecoeur

french settler who saw america in the 1770s and described it as “a strange mixture of blood, which you will find in no other country”

Gullah

a unique language formed by a mix of english and african languages spoken by african americans in the 1700s

New york slave revolt

revolt in 1712 that led to the death of nine whites and the execution of 21 blacks

South carolina slave revolt

50+ blacks seized weapons from a local shop and tried to march to spanish florida but were stopped by local militia

Stono river

where the south carolina slave revolt marched

Anthony johnson

a slave from northampton county, virginia who was able to buy his freedom and became a slaveholder himself in the 17th century

Triangular trade

trade between america, europe, and africa

Molasses act

aimed at squelching north american trade with the french west indies; could have harmed trade and living; colonists responded by bribing and smuggling their way around the law

Arminianism

ideology that preached that individual free will, not divine decree, determined a person's eternal fate

Great awakening

religious revival in the 1730s and 40s which swept through the colonies; started by jonathan edwards; preached arminianism

Jonathan Edwards

deep theological mind who ignited the great awakening

George whitefield

english parson who moved many people with his sermons

Old lights

orthodox clergymen; skeptical of emotionalism and theatrics of the revivalists

New lights

defended the great awakening for revitalizing american religion

John trumbull

painter from connecticut who moved to london to pursue his passion

Charles willson peale

painter known for portraits of george washington, ran a museum and practiced dentistry

Benjamin west and John singleton copley

painters who succeeded after going to england

Phillis wheatley

enslaved girl who wrote poetry; publication declined by boston printers

Poor richards almanack

book written by benjamin franklin which emphasized thrift, industry, morality, and common sense

John peter zenger

was accused of libel in 1734 by William Cosby, the royal governor of New York, but the jury acquitted him, who became a symbol for freedom of the press.

Royal colonies

colonies where the upper house of the government was appointed by the crown

Proprietary colonies

colonies where the upper house of the government was chosen by the proprietor

Lord cornbury

first cousin of queen anne; made governor of new york and new jersey in 1702; was a drunkard, incompetent, and corrupt leader

king Williams, Queen annes war

wars fought in the new world between british colonists and french coureurs de bois (fur traders), with both sides recruiting whatever indian allies they could

war of Jenkins ear

war in 1739 between british and spaniards, confined to the Caribbean seas and georgia

george washington

21 year old surveyor and virginian who served as a luientenat colonel in command of 150 militiamen

fort necessity

george washingtons hastily constructed breastworks. after a 10 hour siege, he was forced to surrender his entire command in july 1754

acadians

french residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as Cajuns

canjuns

descendants of acadians

french and Indian war

nine year war between the British and the French in north America. it resulted in the expulsion of the French from the north american mainland and helped spark the wider seven seas war in Europe and elsewhere

seven years war

first global war, with battles on four continents as france, england, Spain, Prussia, and other European powers clashed. colonists called the north american portion of the conflict the French and Indian war. the resulting British debt and french resentment after the war both played a critical role in the coming of the american revolution

king frederick

prussian king who won title of “great” by repelling french, austrian, and russian armies, often with opposing forces outnumbering his own 3:1. london gov. unable to send him effective troop reinforcements subsidized him with gold. because of the amount of strength the french had wasted they were unable to through adaquet force into the new world. “america was conquered in germany” -william pitt

william pitt

leader in britian who drew strength from common people. known as the “great commoner”. a foremost leader in the london government and earned title “organizer of victory” for helping direct british forces

Pennsylvania gazette

famous cartoon published by benjamin franklin showing colonies as parts of a disjointed snake with the slogan “join or die”

albany congress

intercolonial summoned by british government to foster greater colonial unity and ensure iroquois support in the war against the french

edward braddock

60 year old oficer experienced in european warfare sent to virginia with a strong attachment of british regulars during the french and indian war

regulars

trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts. during the French and Indian war, British generals, used to to commanding experienced —, often showing contempt for ill trained colonial militiamen

james wolfe

officer chosen by william pitt to fight in the french-indian war. was fatally wounded but the french were defeated

marquis de montcalm

commander of the french army in the F&I war who was defeated by james wolfe’s army

battle of quebec

historic British victory over french forces. the surrender of the French marked the beginning of the end of french rule in north america

pontiacs war

bloody campaign waged by ottawa chief to drive British out of Ohio country. it was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorting to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion

proclamation of 1763

decree issued by parliment in the wake of pontiac’s war, prohibiting settlement beyond the Appalachians. contributed to the rising resentment of British rule in the american colonies

republicanism

political theory of representative government, based on the principle of popular sovereignty, with a strong emphasis on liberty and civic virtue. influential in the 18th century american political thought, it stood as an alternative to monarchical rule

radical whigs

18th century British political commentators who agitated against political corruption and emphasized the threat of liberty posed by arbitrary power. their writings shaped American political thought and made colonists especially alert to encroachments on their rights

mercantilism

economic theory that closely linked a nations political and military power to its bullion reserves. generally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as a means to increase exports

navigation law of 1650

law passed by parliment to regulate merchantilism system, aimed at dutch shippera trying to elbow their way into american trade

george grenville

prime minister who aroused resentment from the colonists by ordering the British navy to strictly enforce the navigation acts. also secured the sugar act from parliament

sugar act

duty on imported sugar from the west indies. it was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was lowered substantially in response to widespread protests

quartering act

required colonists to provide food and quarters for British troops. many colonists resented the act , which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights.

stamp tax

unpopular tax on paper goods, repealed in 1766 after mass protests. colonists developed principle of “no taxation without representation” questioning parliaments authority over them and laid formula for the future revolution

admiralty court

used to try offenders for violating the navigation acts passed by crown after F&I war, colonist argued they encroached on their rights as Englishmen because they lacked juries and placed the burden of proof on the accused

stamp act congress

assembly of delegates from 9 colonies met in NYC to draft petition to repeal stamp act. helped ease sectional suspicions and promote inter-colonial unity

non importation agreements

boycotts against British good adopted in response to the stamp act, and later, the Townshend and intolerable acts. the agreements were the most effective form of protest against British policies in the colonies

sons/daughters of liberty

patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the stamp act and enforcing non importation agreements

declaratory act

passed alongside the repeal of the stamp act, it reaffirmed parliaments unqualified sovereignty over the north American colonies

charles townshend

could deliver brilliant speeches in parliment even when drunk, persuaded parliament to pass the — acts

townshend acts

external or indirect levies on glass, paper, paint, tea. proceeds were used to pay colonial governors. sparked another round of protests in the colonies

boston massacre

clash between unruly Bostonian protesters and locally stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, injuring or killing 11 citizens

crispus attucks

one of the first to die in the Boston massacre; described as a powerfully built runaway mulatto and the leader of the mob

king George iii

bad ruler; strenuously attempting to assert the power of the british monarchy; good man but a bad ruler, had many yes-men

lord north

corpulent prime minister for king George III; his “yes-man”

samuel Adams

from Boston, ultrasensitive to infractions of colonial rights. cherished deep faith in common people. he appealed effectively to what was called his “trained mob”

committees of correspondence

local committees established around Massachusetts and each colony to coordinate colonial opposition to British policy through letters and pamphlets

abigail Smith Adams

wife and mother of future presidents, prominent patriot, one for the first to see the implications of revolutionary ideas for changing the status of women

thomas hutchinson

Massachusetts governor who infuriated boston radicals and refused to make changed after the Boston tea party

boston tea party

protest against British east india company’s monopoly on tea trade. colonists disguised as indians dumped 342 chests of tea into the harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament

intolerable acts

measures passed after boston tea party, closing port of Boston, revoking rights in Massachusetts colonial charter, expanding quartering act to allow lodging of soldiers in private homes. in response, colonist convened first continental Congress and called for boycott on British goods

quebec act

allowed french residents in the provincence to retain their traditional political and religious institutions and extended boundaries of the province southwards to the Ohio river. mistakenly persevered by British colonists as a response to the Boston tea party

first continental Congress

convention of delegates from 12 colonies that convened in philidelphia to craft a response to the intolerable acts. they established the association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods

the association

non importation agreement crafted during the first continental Congress calling for the complete boycott of all British goods

lexington and concord

first battles of the revolutionary war, fought outside Boston. colonial militiamen successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to boston