1.1a Skeletal System * 1.1b Muscular System

1.1a Skeletal System * 1.1b Muscular System

Major bones of the upper body and torso

Cranium, clavicle, scapula, sternum, ribs, vertebrae.

Major bones of the arm

Humerus, radius, ulna.

Major bones of the leg

Femur, patella, tibia, fibula.

6 functions of the skeletal system

1. Protection

2. Movement

3. Support

4. Posture

5. Blood cell production

6. Mineral storage

ligament

Keeps the joint stable during movement, attaches bone to bone

role of cartilage

prevents friction and absorbs shock

synovial fluid

lubricates the joint, allowing the parts to move freely

What type of movement occurs at a hinge joint

flexion and extension

what type of movement occurs at a ball and socket joint

circumduction, rotation, flexion, extension, abduction, adduction

Abduction

bone moves away from the midline of the body.

Adduction

bone moves towards the midline of the body.

Plantar-flexion

pointing

Agonist

The contracting muscle

Antagonist

The muscle that relaxes

Fixator

A muscle that stabilises the origin of the agonist muscle.

Antagonistic muscle roles during elbow flexion

• Agonist: Biceps

• Antagonist: Triceps

Antagonistic muscle roles during knee extension

• Agonist: Quadriceps

• Antagonist: Hamstrings

Isotonic concentric

muscle shortens and contracts

Isotonic eccentric

muscle relaxes and lengthens

Isometric

muscle length does not change

origin

the end of the muscle attached to a bone that is stable, remains still when contraction occurs

insertion

the end of the muscle attached to the bone that actively moves

3 types of muscle

1. skeletal/voluntary

2. involuntary

3. cardiac

tendon

connects muscle to bone and helps transmit the power needed to move bones

3 types of cartilage

1. articular

2. yellow elastic

3. white fibro

11 major muscles

1. trapezius

2. deltoids

3. latissimus dorsi

4. pectorals

5. abdominals

6. bicep

7. tricep

8. gluteals

9. hamstrings

10. quadriceps

11. gastrocnemius