Research Methodology in CSD - Qualitative Analyses

1. anthropology 2. observing daily lives of individuals in their natural settings

Qualitative research is rooted in [1] relative to [2]

what people do, know, think, and feel

what does qualitative research examine?

1. descriptions 2. categories 3. words

Qualitative research depends on 3 things

open-ended questions

what kind of questions do you ask when conducting qualitative research?

recordings, observed, said, done

interpret qualitative data based on __ what is __, __, and __

1. formal theories 2. the data

qualitative research begins the development of [1] to explain [2]

conclusions, hypotheses

qualitative research is meant to formulate __ and generate __

phenomena

qualitative data is usually detailed, in-depth descriptions of __ being studied

1. field notes 2. clinical records 3. audio/videotape transcriptions 4. photographs

Qualitative data comes from 4 things:

quantitative research

the purpose of qualitative designs is to describe, explore, or generate ideas, thoughts, feelings and to form hypotheses that can be tested by __

differences similarities

Qualitative research focuses on understanding individual __ and __

naturalistic inquiry

focuses on persons, topics, locations, events in natural setting - classrooms, homes, neighborhoods

inductive analysis

begin with specific examples/facts, formulate questions, ending with general theories

holistic perspective

each action is viewed as part of the whole

thick description

gathering detailed information about phenomenon of interest, triangulating data from multiple sources

personal contact/insight

awareness of personal biases, acknowledging them, and tempering their influence

dynamic systems

dynamic process in which answers, questions, theories may change throughout course of study

unique case orientation

each case is unique and deserves detailed, in-depth study

context sensitivity

appreciating the contextual variables that influence the phenomenon of interest

empathetic neutrality

Qualitative researchers are neutral and non-judgmental observers

design flexibility

redirection of focus and/or generation of new questions as they emerge during course of study

1. individual perspectives are more important than group generalizations 2. primary purpose is exploratory

qualitative approach as an alternative to quantitative design approach when: (2)

generate theories, test hypotheses

Qualitative analyses are meant to __ as opposed to __

1. researcher 2. research process 3. data analysis

All approaches to qualitative research identify role of [1], stages of [2], and methods of [3]

ethnography

Focus on an entire culture of a people

culture

ethnography focuses on an entire __ of a people

ethnography

researcher is immersed in culture and becomes active participant

1. in-depth interviews 2. focus groups 3. document analysis 4. audio/videotape analysis 5. lamination

(Ethnography) To gather data, may use 5 things:

triangulation

comparing/contrasting data collected at different times, by different methods, different locations

1. times 2. methods 3. locations

triangulation involves comparing/contrasting data collected at different [1], by different [2], different [3]

lamination

cross referencing of findings through data collection, forming of tentative conclusions, and then asking participant their thoughts about the interaction

1. cross-referencing 2. tentative 3. thoughts

lamination involves the [1] of findings through data collection, forming of [2] conclusions, and then asking participant their [3] about the interaction

1. limits 2. ending point

(Ethnography) No preset [1] as to what is observed; no prescribed [2]

1. philosophical 2. methodological

Phenomenology is a more a [1] understanding of the world than [2] approach

phenomenology

Rejects speculation and acceptance of unobservable phenomena

1. rejects 2. unobservable

Phenomenology [1] speculation and acceptance of [2] phenomena

naturalism

metaphysical theory that all phenomena can be explained in terms of natural causes and laws

naturalism

phenomenology opposes __

objects

(Phenomenology) proposes that only __ in the world can be known

experienced

(Phenomenology) Focus on phenomena as immediately __

field research

the observation of phenomena in their natural state or context

1. natural 2. naturalistic

field research is the observation of phenomena in their [1] state or context and collects data in [2] settings

grounded theory

Develop theories about phenomena of interest that are grounded in observation

verification

Grounded theory involves the __ of information

grounded theory

Observe, verify, and iterate until researcher is satisfied that data are sufficient to develop credible theory about phenomenon of interest

1. researcher 2. theory 3. phenomenon

(Grounded theory) Observe, verify, and iterate until [1] is satisfied that data are sufficient to develop credible [2] about [3] of interest

grounded theory

what is a true problem-solving approach?

case study method

Intensive observation of person, topic, location, event

1. theories 2. clinical

Case study methods generate [1] and [2] practice ideas

case study method

Can focus on clinical cases, geographic locations, specific topics or events

discourse analysis method

Concerned with language use beyond boundaries of utterance or sentence

1. conversational 2. typically-developing 3. disorders

Discourse analysis is a [1] analysis including strategies with [2] children and adults and those with [3]

Kinesic analysis method

Study of what is communicated through nonverbal movements, gestures, postures

1. discourse analysis 2. triangulate

Kinesic analysis is usually combined with other qualitative approaches (common example: [1]) to [2] data

categories

Kinesic analysis data is often arranged in __

cultural

What kind of constraints are in the Kinesic analysis method?

direct observation method

Detailed and systematic observations of person, location, event, topic without researcher's participation in scene

1. researcher bias 2. note taking 3. audio/video-taping 4. photographs

direct observation method reduces [1] and utilizes three things [2, 3, 4]

1. triangulated 2. credibility

In direct observation method, usually data collection is [1] from different sources to ensure [2] of observations

1. two way mirrors 2. video cameras

What are two things researchers use when using Direct observation method?

participant observation method

Researcher becomes a participant in culture or context that is being observed

participant observation method

Researcher must acclimate to situation and become an accepted member in scene

1. acclimate 2. accepted

In participant observation method, the researcher must [1] to situation and become an [2] member in scene

demands much time and resources

Con to Participant observation method

participant observation method

Useful for observing cultural variables, language development, other social behaviors from an insider's perspective

insider's

The participant observation method is useful for observing cultural variables, language development, other social behaviors from an __ perspective

unstructured in-depth interviewing method

Data gathering with open-ended questions, no formal structure, with iteration of questions, answers, and generating more questions based on previous answers

unstructured in-depth interviewing method

Uses focus groups for broad topics/concepts

1. pre-planned script 2. goals

When using the Unstructured in-depth interviewing method, researchers still must have [1] of specific issues and establish [2] for type of information gathered

credibility

believability of results

credibility

A look at integrity of observations- length, persistence, triangulation of data by multiple sources

referential adequacy

setting aside unanalyzed data and discussion of conclusions to see if they match

member checks

sharing conclusions with participants - assessing match between conclusions and participants' reality

1. referential adequacy 2. member checks

2 methods of credibility:

Transferability

Extent that results can be transferred from study to other persons, locations, events, contexts

1. perspective 2. consistency

Transferability is based on consumer's local [1] and external [2] of results and conclusions

qualitative

[Quantitative/Qualitative] models serve for first stage of knowledge-building to discover key issues and elements for subsequent studies

parallel

Some models conduct qualitative methods in conjunction (AKA __ ) with other methods

quantitative qualitative

Within the same overall project, methodology can include both __ and __ approaches

1. sequential 2. parallel 3. coordinated sub-studies 4. integrated

4 models of combining quantitative (statistical) and qualitative methods:

sequential

first qualitative methods and then more structured quantitative method

parallel

conduct case studies (qualitative) in conjunction with quantitative methods

coordinated sub-studies

various qualitative studies are conducted as part of a larger program project

integrated

data and concepts are integrated that are both qualitative and quantitative at each stage of study

weaknesses of one approach

Combining qualitative and quantitative methods may reduce or avoid __

objectively, subjectively

Mixed method research provide comprehensive data __ AND __

process, outcome

Mixed method research allows study of both the __ and the __

questions

Mixed method research allows for different types of research __

1. credibility 2. validity

Mixed method research enhances [1] of findings and may improve [2] of results

compensates

Mixed method research __ for use of single type of research method

1. cost 2. biases 3. training is challenging 4. analytic challenges 5. publication biases

5 disadvantages of Mixed method research:

expensive

Mixed (multi) method research is [inexpensive/expensive]

researchers must be familiar with both types of research approaches

why is training challenging for mixed method research?

numeric, narrative

there are analytic challenges in mixed method research because researchers are combining __ and __ data

1. mismatch 2. bias 3. theoretical

In mixed method research, there is possibility of [1]/[2] of [3] perspectives between reviewers and authors