Dispensing, Medication Counseling, Incompatibilities, and Adverse Drug Reactions

Comprehensive review flashcards covering dispensing, prescription evaluation, pharmaceutical incompatibilities, drug interactions, and adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

How are drugs that are bound to plasma proteins classified in terms of pharmacological activity?

They are considered pharmacologically inactive.

What happens when alkaline salts such as potassium penicillin are placed in an acidic solution?

It results in conversion into free acid, insolubility, and precipitation of penicillin.

How are Filipinos categorized regarding the metabolism of a standard dose of INH?

They are considered fast acetylators.

What is the clinical consequence of enzyme inhibition of coumarin?

Profuse bleeding.

Under which adverse drug reaction (ADR) classification does anaphylaxis fall?

Type B ADR.

What term describes any drug reaction that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the treatment?

Adverse drug event.

What adverse drug reaction (ADR) category does teratogenicity belong to?

Type D ADR.

What is the term for the precipitation of an organic substance from a saturated solution upon the addition of highly soluble salts?

Salting-out.

What physical incompatibility phenomenon occurs when acacia in the presence of bismuth salts forms a 'cake' at the bottom of a container?

Cementation.

What condition can result from the sudden withdrawal of steroids?

Addison’s disease.

What is the mathematical model used to represent a potentiating drug effect?

$$0 + 1 = 2$$

What is the mathematical model used to represent drug synergism?

$$1 + 1 = 3$$

What clinical reaction occurs when monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are taken with tyramine-rich foods like cheese?

Non-metabolism of tyramine, accumulation of pressor amines, and an increase in blood pressure.

What occurs when warfarin is displaced from plasma-protein binding sites by phenylbutazone?

Increased concentration of free warfarin, leading to hemorrhage.

What drug-induced hypersensitivity reaction is famously associated with sulfonamides?

Steven-Johnson’s syndrome.

What is the fever response to antibiotic therapy caused by the sudden release of endotoxins from killed microorganisms called?

Herxheimer reaction.

What physical manifestation occurs when camphor, menthol, acetophenetidine, and phenol are combined?

Liquefaction due to eutectic combination.

What is the most important plasma protein to which drugs bind?

Albumin.

What is the major ototoxic side effect associated with streptomycin?

Ototoxicity.

What is the conversion of an optically active form of a drug to an optically inactive form called?

Racemization.

What pharmacokinetic term characterizes the first exposure and metabolism of a drug fraction in the liver before entering systemic circulation?

First pass effect.

Which part of a prescription contains the dispensing directions to the compounder or pharmacist?

Subscription (e.g., 'M. ft. sol').

How many mL must be dispensed for a prescription calling for $100\,\text{g}$ of a liquid substance with a specific gravity of $1.25$?

$80\,\text{mL}$ (calculated as $\frac{100\,\text{g}}{1.25\,\text{g/mL}}$).

How is a prescription classified when the generic name is preceded by the brand name?

Erroneous prescription.

How is a prescription classified when the generic name does not correspond to the brand name?

Impossible prescription.

How is a prescription classified when the generic name is not written?

Violative prescription.

What is the term for a drug whose action is altered or affected in a drug-drug interaction?

Object drug.

What term refers to the migration of a drug into its packaging container?

Sorption.

What type of adverse drug reaction does Ecstasy abuse exhibit?

Type C ADR.

How many grains are contained in $5.0\,\text{g}$ of strychnine sulfate?

$77.2\,\text{gr}$.

How many teaspoonful doses are present in a $4\text{-fl. oz.}$ bottle of medication?

$24$ doses.

What is the term for chemical degradation of a drug caused by reaction with formulation solvents?

Solvolysis.

What breakdown products are formed when aspirin undergoes hydrolysis in water?

Acetic acid and salicylic acid.

What type of interaction occurs when drugs are inappropriately mixed together in syringes or infusion fluids prior to administration?

Pharmaceutical interaction.

Why is drug half-life often prolonged in newborn infants?

Because of an incompletely developed enzyme system.

Which ancient Egyptian parchment scroll from around 1550 BC details over 700 drugs and 800 formulas?

Papyrus Ebers.

Who are recognized as the patron saints of medicine and pharmacy?

Cosmas and Damian.

What urinary alkalinizer is co-administered during sulfonamide therapy to prevent crystalluria?

$\text{NaHCO}_3$ (Sodium bicarbonate).

Why should aspirin be avoided in children suffering from viral infections like chicken pox or flu?

It increases the risk of Reye’s syndrome.

What is the mechanism by which probenecid prolongs the activity and increases serum levels of penicillins?

It blocks the renal tubular excretion of penicillin.

What is the percent strength $(w/w)$ of an ointment prepared by incorporating $10\,\text{g}$ of drug into $100\,\text{g}$ of white petrolatum?

$9.1\%$ (calculated as $\frac{10\,\text{g}}{110\,\text{g}} \times 100\%$).

What is the proof strength of a $50\%\,(v/v)$ alcohol solution?

$100\,\text{proof}$.

What active metabolite is prednisone converted to in the liver?

Prednisolone.

Why is Purified Water USP prohibited from being used in parenteral formulations?

It is not sterile and may contain pyrogens; sterile water for injection is required instead.

How are vanishing creams categorized based on emulsion type?

Oil-in-water $(o/w)$ bases.

Why does Syrup NF resist microbial growth without added preservatives?

It is self-preserving due to its high sucrose concentration and low water activity.