Period 3 pt. 2

APUSH

Tories/Loyalists

Colonists who favored remaining under British control

Battle of Saratoga 1777

NY battle & turning point of the Revolutionary War when British/Burgoyne try to get their foothold in the middle of the colonies but Washington/colonists win. Causes France to take notice.

DATE

Baron Von Steuben

Prussian military genius brought in by Washington during Encampment at Valley Forge to get colonial troops trained.

Valley Forge 1777-1778

Break in action w/ tough cold/disease. Washington inspires and get troops ready to fight.

Marquis de Lafayette

French military expert who served under Washington, major part of French involvement/support for the colonists.

Battle of Yorktown 1781

Last battle of revolutionary war when British General Cornwallis is shocked by Washington’s troops, surrenders to colonists

DATE

Treaty of Paris 1783

Ended war

Set borders in US (east of Mississippi, south of great lakes, north of Florida)

Ben Franklin, John Adams, John Jay

DATE

Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation 1775

Offer of freedom to slaves in exchange for fighting WITH the British. Similar to Philipsburg Proclamation

James Armistead Lafayette

VA slave who spied for Americans/French. Important to Yorktown victory.

Goes back to slavery but is freed by Frenchman Lafayette

Abigail Adams

Writes “Remember the Ladies” to husband to advocate for women’s rights in the new nation.

Mercy Otis Warren

Playwright who turned public opinion against Britain during war, Anti-Federalist

Phyllis Wheatley

Slave who criticized Britain & slavery, first published female black writer in US.

Republican Motherhood

Idea that American women had a special responsibility to cultivate civic virtue in their children.

Coventure

Husband holding legal authority over wife

Republic

Government where citizens choose representatives/leaders by voting

Voting in New Republic

Overall expansion in the right to vote (decreasing property & tax qualifications) with Vermont as most progressive & Southern states least.

Bill for establishing religious freedom 1786

VA bill proposed by Thomas Jefferson & adopted by House of Burgesses to eliminate religious requirements for voting/office-holding. Separation of church and state.

DATE

Limits of state constitutions

Separate currencies

No national military

Only state taxes

Hard to amend AOC

Articles of Confederation 1781-89

1st gov of US that’s intentionally created as weak to give states power.

DATE

Newburgh Conspiracy 1783

Meeting of angry soldiers who weren’t paid for service in rev war. Wanted to overthrow Gov. Washington calms them down.

Money troubles at end of rev war

Huge war debt/need to pay soldiers

No power to tax w/o consent of all states

State tariffs limit interstate trade

Each state has own currency

Land Ordinances of 1785

Surveying and selling old Northwest to Americans

DATE

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Establishes gov and outlaws slavery from NW area. Creates process for admitting new states (once a state, become = to other states)

DATE

Shays’ Rebellion 1786-87

Daniel Shay leads farmers who can’t pay debts/farms got seized by gov. Storm gov buildings and refuse to leave: no standing army to stop them.

Date

Annapolis Convention 1786

Held to encourage interstate trade/fix tariff situation- only 5 states attend.

Freedom petitions

1st concrete steps to emancipation when Enslaved African-Americans present arguments to New England courts

Quakers and slavery 1688

German Quakers issue protest for rights for blacks & antislavery sentiments spread to Pennsylvanian Quakers

DATE

Sir Guy Carleton

British commander in NY accompanies 15,000 black people out of the country and to Nova Scotia, England, Sierra Leone

Abolition in the North 1777-1804

First date when Vermont bans slavery, second date when NJ does.

Every state north of Maryland takes steps toward emancipation, but very slow. Only guaranteed freedom for future children in adulthood.

Issues with western territories

• Wanted land sales as revenue

• Unregulated settlements = Native American conflict

• Lawsuits over land claims

• National land policy benefits private companies who can afford > individual settlers

Issue with states printing money

States tried to increase amount of money in circulation/pay debts by printing paper money.

Hard to trade with other states.

Slave trade clause

Part of Constitution (pushed for by SC) that allows for Transatlantic Slave Trade to continue through 1808 (20 more years) then no more.

Fugitive slave clause

Part of Constitution (pushed for by southern states) requiring runaway slaves to be returned/it’s illegal to harbor them

Bill of Rights

First 10 amendments to Constitution of protected rights that of protected rights that James Madison writes w/ inspiration from VA Declaration of Rights

Convinces anti-federalist Virginians to agree to ratify constitution

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

Separation of powers/checks and balances

3 branches of US gov built to keep the others under control

Federalist papers

James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton

85 essays on why we should ratify the Constitution

Brutus

Less convincing Anti-Federalist response to Federalist Papers

Virginia Declaration of Rights

George Mason wrote model for the Bill of Rights of US Constitution

Virginia plan

Madison

Population-based representation in Congress

2 house legislature

Supported by larger states

New Jersey Plan

William Patterson

Equal representation in Congress

1 house legislature

Supported by smaller states

Connecticut Compromise

Rodger Sherman

2 house (bicameral) legislature

Senate w/ equal representation

House of Representatives (population-proportional)

3/5 Compromise

Decided at Constitutional

Convention that 3 out of every 5 slaves count toward population for determining representatives (Southern states want)

Federalists

Pro Constitution

Washington, Franklin, Madison, Hamilton, Jay, Marshall

Elites/$/powerful/east

Maintain order and preserve union

Well organized

Anti-Federalists

Against Constitution

G. Mason, P. Henry, J. Hancock, M.O. Warren

Small farmers/poor/west

Threaten liberties/ why fight war if US just turns into monarchy?

Want Bill of Rights

Appeal to popular distrust of centralized gov.

Federalism

System where power is shared b/t state & national gov.

Constitution ratification process

Needed 9/13 states to ratify

Debated at state conventions

Delaware 1st

Va agrees w/ Bill of Rights

In effect March 1789