BONES- PT 1

All long bones have a________, _____, and _____

shaft, epiphyses, and membranes

diaphysis is also called the

shaft

what is the epiphyseal plate?

where bone growth occurs

What is the epiphyseal line?

located between diaphysis and epiphysis

shapes of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

examples of long bones

upper and lower limbs

examples of short bones

wrist and ankle

describe short bones

cube shaped, equal length+width

sesamoid bones form within ____

tendons

describe flat bones

Thin, flat, slightly curved

examples of flat bones

Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

describe irregular bones

complicated shapes

examples of irregular bones

vertebrae, hip bone, and sacrum

examples of sesamoid bones

patella(knee), foot

sesamoid bones can overlap or be found alongside _______

short bones

the two types of membrane in bone are….

periosteum and endosteum

what is this

periosteum

what is periosteum

white, double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces

where are Sharpey’s fibers located and what do they do?

in the periosteum and they secure it to bone matrix

what dis

compact bone

the medullary cavity is lined by….

endosteum

?

Medullary cavity

perichondrium

layer of dense CT surrounding cartilage

perichondrium contains….

blood vessels for nutrient delivery to cartilage

cartilage is made up of…

chondrocytes

hyaline cartilage

end of long bones, ribs

elasic cartilage location

epiglottis

fibrocartilage

vertebral discs

appositional growth makes cartilage…..

increase in width

Cartilage grows in two ways-

appositional and interstitial growth

interstitial growth makes cartilage….

more dense and increase in length

Interstitial growth is associated with

chondrocytes in lacunae secreting new matrix

function of bones/skeletal system (6)

support, protection, movement, mineral + fat storage, blood cell formation, hormone production

how is the skeletal system organized

axial and appendicular

the appendicular section consists of…

upper and lower limbs

the axial section consists of…

skull, vertebral column, and ribs (torso)

compact bone

dense outer layer; smooth and solid

spongy bone

honey comb of trabeculae

short, irregular, and flat bones consist of…

thin plates of spongy bone (diploe) covered by compact bone

what is diploe?

thin plates of spongy bone

periosteum covers the….

outside of compact bone

endosteum covers the…

inside portion of compact bone

hyaline cartilage covers…

area of bone part of movable joint

ends in “cyte” =

mature cell

what is specific to long bones only?

diaphysis, epiphyses, medullary cavity

diaphysis

shaft that forms long axis of bone

the diaphysis consists of _______ surrounding central ______

compact bone; medullary cavity

epiphyses

ends of long bones

the epiphyses consists of _______ outside and ______ inside

compact bone; spongy bone

what specific hyaline cartilage covers joint surfaces?

articular cartilage

endosteum is a membrane that lines the….

medullary cavity

?

epiphyseal line

?

spongy bone

?

proximal epiphyses

?

diaphysis

?

distal epiphyses

?

articular cartilage

what is the osteogenic layer

inner layer that contains osteogenic (bone-forming) stem cells

periosteum and endosteum both contain

osteogenic cells

what are osteogenic cells

Mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum

where is red marrow located in adults?

heads of femur and humerus

most active areas of hematopoiesis are…

flat bone diploe and some irregular bones

what does yellow marrow do and not do

it stores fat but does not produce blood cells

3 types of bone markings

projection, depression, opening

describe projection

outward bulge of bone

describe depression

bowl or groove like cut-out; serve as passageway

describe opening bone marking

hole or canal in bone

describe tuberosity -bone marking

large rounded projection

describe crest -bone marking

narrow ridge of bone; prominent

describe trochanter -bone marking

very large, blunt, irregularly shaped

describe line- bone marking

narrow ridge; less prominent

describe tubercle- bone marking

small rounded projection

describe epicondyle - bone marking

raised area above/on a condyle

describe spine- bone marking

sharp, slender, pointed

process - bone marking

any prominent bone projection

osteogenic cells can differentiate into…

osteoblasts or bone-lining cells

osteoblasts

bone-forming cells secreting bone matrix called osteoid

what do osteocytes do

maintain bone matrix and communicate info to osteoblasts and osteoclasts for bone remodeling

bone lining cells do what ( along with osteocytes)?

help maintain bone matrix

osteoclasts function

bone resorption- destroying

what is the structural unit of compact bone?

osteon

compact bone is also called

lamellar

An osteon cylinder consists of several rings of….

bone matrix called lamellae

lamellae contains….

collagen fibers

what are Volkmann’s (perforating) canals?

canals lined with endosteum

what is in the Haversian (central) canal?

blood vessels and nerve fibers

what does the Circumferential lamellae do?

help long bone resist twisting

spongy bone has no…

osteons

what consists of ground substance and collagen fibers?

osteoid

what is the resilience of bone due to?

sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules

what does the resilience of bone refer to

the bones ability to absorb energy and resist breaking