Unit 4: Bonding and Nomenclature - Ionic, Metallic, and Acidic

Vocabulary flashcards covering the definitions of chemical bonds, metallic bonding, ionic structures and rules, hydrates, acids and bases, and molar mass.

Chemical Bond

The force of attraction that holds two atoms together and allows them to function as a unit, formed so that atoms become more stable and achieve a full octet.

Metallic Bond

The electrostatic force of attraction between valence electrons and metal cations, characterized by the sharing of a "sea of electrons" among positive ions that acts as a glue.

Octet Rule

The principle stating that an element will gain, lose, or share electrons in order to obtain a full valence shell of eight electrons.

Cation

A positively charged ion formed when an atom (typically a metal) loses one or more electrons.

Anion

A negatively charged ion formed when an atom (typically a non-metal) gains one or more electrons.

Monatomic Ion

An ion composed of a single element with an electrical charge.

Polyatomic Ion

A group of elements covalently bound together with an overall net charge that functions as a single chemical unit.

Ionic Bond

The electrostatic force of attraction formed between positively charged metal cations and negatively charged non-metal anions via the transfer of electrons.

Binary Ionic Compound

An ionic compound composed of exactly two different elements, consisting of a metal cation and a non-metal anion.

Ternary Ionic Compound

An ionic compound composed of more than two different elements, containing one or more polyatomic ions.

Formula Unit

The lowest whole-number ratio of ions represented in an ionic compound (such as $MgCl_2$).

Crystal Lattice

A repeating three-dimensional arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions forming a rigid structure with a net charge of zero.

Electrolyte

A substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water due to the dissociation into freely moving ions.

Aqueous

A state condition designating that a substance is dissolved in water.

Binary Type I Ionic Compound

A binary ionic compound containing a metal that only forms a single known charge (Group 1, Group 2, Group 3, $Ag^+$, $Zn^{2+}$, or $Cd^{2+}$) paired with a non-metal.

Binary Type II Ionic Compound

A binary ionic compound containing a metal capable of forming two or more different charges, which requires a Roman numeral in the chemical name to denote the cation charge.

Hydrate

An ionic compound that has a specific, fixed number of water molecules chemically bound or attracted to its crystalline structure.

Anhydrous Compound

A chemical substance that contains no water molecules within its crystalline structure.

Arrhenius Acid

A substance that produces hydrogen ions ($H^+$) in aqueous solution; also known as a proton donor.

Arrhenius Base

A substance that produces hydroxide ions ($OH^-$) in aqueous solution.

Salt

An ionic compound that produces neither hydrogen ions nor hydroxide ions when dissolved in water, formed along with water in an acid-base neutralization reaction.

Indicators

Papers or liquid solutions that change color based on the chemical properties (such as pH) of the substance being tested.

Binary Acid

An acid consisting of hydrogen and one other element, named using the prefix "hydro-", the root name of the element with the suffix "-ic", followed by the word "acid".

Ternary Acid

An acid composed of hydrogen bonded to a polyatomic ion; named with the suffix "-ic acid" if the anion ends in "-ate", or "-ous acid" if the anion ends in "-ite".

Mole

A SI unit representing a specific quantity equal to $6.02 \times 10^{23}$ particles, atoms, or molecules.

Molar Mass

The mass of one mole ($6.02 \times 10^{23}$ units) of a chemical substance, measured in units of $g\,mol^{-1}$.