rx test 1 study guide pt1

Physical activity

Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure; this is not necessarily exercise.

Physical fitness

An attained set of attributes, such as muscular strength and flexibility.

Sedentary behavior

Behavior in a sitting, reclining, or lying posture while engaging in minimal energy expenditure (≤1.5 METs).

What is 1 MET?

3.5 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹.

What are the basic physical activity recommendations for healthy adults ages 18–65?

Moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity for at least 30 min on 5 days each week OR vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity for at least 20 min on 3 days each week.

engaging in sufficient physical activity has been identified as the

____ leading risk factor

fourth

The higher the intensity of physical activity, the greater the

reduction in risk of stroke and related outcomes (vigorous better than moderate)

inverse/ reduction relation with what cancers

inverse for lung, colon, and pancreatic relative for breast cancer

Stand goal met? No evidence this is meaningful

standing doesnt show to help anything

what percent increased risk of childhood obesity with every hour per day spent

watching television

13%

sedentary time such that individuals with 13 hours per day of sitting had more

than _____ the risk of developing cancer as those with 8 hours per day

twice

Informed consent

The first step before collecting personal/confidential information, fitness testing, or exercise prescription; explains risks and allows the participant to ask questions or withdraw at any time.

Who gives informed consent for a minor?

The parent/guardian gives consent; the minor gives assent.

What is the goal of preexercise screening?

Identify people at risk for an adverse event during exercise and determine who needs medical clearance.

What does the ACSM preparticipation screening algorithm consider?

Current exercise participation, known cardiovascular/metabolic/renal disease, signs or symptoms, and desired exercise intensity.

No exercise + no disease + asymptomatic

No medical clearance needed for light-to-moderate exercise.

No exercise + known cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease + asymptomatic

Medical clearance before light-to-moderate exercise.

No exercise + symptomatic

Medical clearance before exercise.

Regular exercise + no disease + asymptomatic

No medical clearance needed for moderate-to-vigorous exercise.

Regular exercise + known cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease + asymptomatic

No clearance needed for moderate exercise; clearance needed before vigorous exercise.

Regular exercise + symptoms suggestive of cardiovascular, metabolic, or renal disease

Discontinue exercise and seek medical clearance.

Low-risk classification

LVEF >50%; asymptomatic with exercise/recovery; normal hemodynamic and ECG responses; no complex dysrhythmias; functional capacity ≥7 METs.

Moderate-risk classification

LVEF 40–50%; angina/signs or symptoms at moderate exercise (60–75% maximal functional capacity); mild-to-moderate silent ischemia.

High-risk classification

LVEF <40%; symptoms at low exercise (<5 METs); functional capacity <5 METs; abnormal exercise hemodynamics, significant ischemia, or complex ventricular dysrhythmias.

Normal blood pressure

SBP <120 AND DBP <80 mm Hg.

Elevated blood pressure

SBP 120–129 AND DBP <80 mm Hg.

Stage 1 hypertension

SBP 130–139 OR DBP 80–89 mm Hg.

Stage 2 hypertension

SBP ≥140 OR DBP ≥90 mm Hg.

What does SBP represent?

Systolic blood pressure; the pressure during contraction of the heart.

What does DBP represent?

Diastolic blood pressure; the pressure during relaxation of the heart.

What are Korotkoff sounds used for?

To determine systolic and diastolic blood pressure when manually measuring BP.

When taking blood pressure, what does the first Korotkoff sound indicate?

Systolic blood pressure.

When taking blood pressure, what does disappearance of Korotkoff sounds indicate?

Diastolic blood pressure.

CVD risk factors

Age, family history, cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood glucose

Negative CVD risk factor

High HDL cholesterol (protective)

VO₂max

The maximal amount of oxygen the body can take in and use during exercise; a measure of cardiorespiratory fitness.

Absolute VO₂max

VO₂max expressed without adjusting for body weight.

Relative VO₂max

VO₂max expressed relative to body weight in mL/kg/min.

What is the purpose of a maximal exercise test (GXT)?

Diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of the exercise response to guide exercise prescription.

What is needed for an accurate submaximal VO₂max estimate?

Steady-state HR at each workload, a linear HR-work rate relationship, accurate predicted HRmax, and similar mechanical efficiency.

What can interfere with an accurate submaximal VO₂max estimate?

Medications that alter HR, high caffeine intake, illness, and high environmental temperature.

What should be reviewed before an exercise test?

Completed consent and screening forms.

What equipment preparation is needed before exercise testing?

Equipment should be properly calibrated and data collection forms should be ready.

What should the testing environment be like?

Quiet, private, well ventilated, 68–72°F, and <60% humidity.

What should a person avoid within 3 hours before cardiorespiratory testing?

Food, caffeine, alcohol, and tobacco.

What should a person avoid for at least 24 hours before cardiorespiratory testing?

Strenuous exercise.

Absolute contraindication

A condition in which an exercise test should NOT be performed.

Relative contraindication

A condition in which the risks of testing must be weighed against the benefits before performing the test.

What should be monitored during a symptom-limited maximal exercise test?

Heart rate, blood pressure, ECG when appropriate, symptoms, and the person's response to increasing exercise intensity.

Abnormal systolic BP response during exercise

A failure of SBP to rise appropriately or a drop in SBP as exercise intensity increases.

Why is a drop in SBP during increasing exercise concerning?

It can indicate an abnormal cardiovascular response and may be a reason to stop the test.

General reasons to stop an exercise test

Abnormal BP response, significant symptoms, abnormal ECG/arrhythmias, signs of poor perfusion, equipment problems, or the participant requests to stop.

Symptom-limited maximal exercise test

The test continues as intensity increases until symptoms or another clinical indication requires the test to stop.