Neuro E1

Prehistoric brain trepanations were used to release intracranial (inside the skull) fluid build-up.

True

Rene Descarte demonstrated that nerves can generate electricity.

False; it was done by Luigi Galvani

Astrocytes are responsible for extracellular potassium buffering.

True

In patellar tendon reflex cell circuit: efferent neurons release glutamate.

false; afferent release glutamate and efferent release Ach

Fragile X syndrome is an auto-immune disorder.

False;

Brain trepanations were performed by Hippocrates.

False; ancient egyptians not greeks

Bioelectricity was discovered by Ramony Cajal in the neuromuscular junction.

False; no Luigi Galvani and it wasn’t in the neuromuscular junction it was in

Oligodendrocytes form a glial filter at the blood-brain barrier.

False; astrocytes are a filter at the BBB; oligodendrocytes make up myelin sheaths in the central nervous system

Spinal cord motor neurons cause excitation of muscles by release of glutamate.

False; Acetylcholine

Abnormal formation of the dendritic spines (their shape, size, and number) is associated with the developmental mental retardation.

True

Beta amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease are located indside of the neurons (intracellular).

No plaques are located outside; neurofibrillary tangles (tau tangles) located inside the neurons

Dendritic spine anatomy is dynamic and the spines change their shape and numbers.

True

Nernst Equation Variables

electrical constant, conc of ions outside vs inside, gas constant, temp, valence electrons

What variable is in the Goldman equation that is not in the Nernst Equation

Permeability

Alpha helix is what type of protein structure

Secondary

Transmembrane subunits are what type of protein strcuture

tertiary

Multi-subunit protein channels are what type of proten structure

quaternary

Egyptians in 2000-3000 BC thought that the brain was the major controlling organ of the body.

False; the heart

Nissl stain can distinguish glia from neurons.

True

Blood-brain barrier limits access of blood-borne material into the brain.

True

Single sensory neuron axon diverges and can activate many motor neurons and interneurons.

True

In neurons, mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus and protein is translated in the cytoplasm.

True

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder that causes de-myelination.

True

Ionic current strength and direction are independent of the potential difference value of the membrane

False; Iion= g(Vm-Eeq); so its dependnat on Vm

Kinases dephosphorylate ion channels.

False; they phosphorylate ion channels

Neural membrane is most permeable to sodium during the falling phase of the action potential.

False; during the rising phase

Luigi Galvani discovered:

That nerves can generate electricity; Bioelectricity

Phrenologists believed that

The brain is the organ of the mind, The mind is composed of distinct innate faculties

This was incorrect in the answer b/c it said cannot but they beleived that The surface of the skull can be read as an accurate index of psychological aptitudes.

Broca discovered the following concepts of the brain function:

Damage to Brocas area causes Expressive aphasia

Which area of this channel protein will contain a voltage-sensor?

B b/c its Transmembrane segment 4 (S4)

Which area of this channel protein will contain the ionic selectivity filter?

C; b/c ion selectivity filter is between S5 ands S6; also known as pore loop which is seen as C

What represents a capacitor

B; it has to be same length and charges opposite along the entire length of the plates

What does this show

Oligodendrocyte myelination characteristics of the CNS ; the processes of one form multiple myelin sheaths not just one sheath per cell like in PNS w/ schwann cells

Which of Brodman’s areas of the numberred regions of the cerebellum correspond to Parietal Lobe

Area 7

Which of Brodman’s areas of the numberred regions of the cerebellum correspond to Brocas Area

Area 44

Luigi Galvani’s experiments helped us understand the relationship between electricity and muscle movement

True

Rene descartes did what?

Reflexive behavior and mind/brain description

Phrenology functioned by

Describing innate traits using measurements of skull geometry

Label the areas in this picture from memory a,b,c,d

A. Brocas Area

B. Angular Gyrus or

C. Wernicke’s Area

D. Cerebellum

What is the main excitatory NT in CNS

Glutamate

What is the main inhibtiory NT in CNS

GABA

GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS

False

Please select the correct answer regarding Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT)

inherited neurological disorder with demyelination in the PNS; onset- teen to early adulthood

Comorbidity of Fragile X Syndrom

Autism

Channelrhodopsin-2 functions for

Sodium influx and depolarization

Halorhodopsin functions via

Chloride influx and hyperpolarization

Do both neurons and Glia contain ACE2 receptors (this was from covid year)

YES

Choose correct statement about hippocampal neuron diversity

There are at least 20 different subtypes of inhibitory neurons in the

hippocampus

Oligodendrocyte glial cells perform this functio

Create myelin insulation around CNS neurons

This correctly defines Multiple Sclerosis

Autoimmune neurological disorders of the CNS; or

Autoimmune neurological disorders with demyelination of the CNS

Neuronal resting membrane potential is approximately -65 mV and is dominated by potassium fluxes across neuronal membranes

true

The neuron doctrine stated that the brain was one continuous structure without individual discrete neurons

False; that was said by the reticular theory neuron doctrine said the CNS is composed of individual discrete neurons

Why were brain trepanations performed?

To alleviate pain and clean up blood clots

Fusion of vesicle to the neuronal plasma membrane will decrease the capacitance property of the cell.

False; fusion of vesicle increases the surface area of the plasma membrane= bigger plate can store more charge so it actually increases the capacitance property of the cell membrane;

IT WOULD BE DECREASED BY EXOCYTOSIS

Botulinum toxin targets protein complex involved in acetylcholine vesicle binding to the membrane.

True; targets SNARE protein complex, which mediates the docking and fusion of acetylcholine-containing vesicles to the presynaptic neuronal membrane

Trepanation

Opening of small areas of the skull

Bell and Magendie

Ventral and Dorsal nerves carry information in the opposing directions

Pyramidal neurons

Contain apical and basal dendrites

Hippocampal interneurons

non-projection, local network cells

Motor neuron of spinal cord

Release acetylcholine

Inhibitory interneurons of spinal cord

Release GABA, glycine, and glutamate

Pick correct answer about Golgi stain

it stains a small number of neurons but reveals their entire morphology

Please pick the correct matches from the options provided below related to neurological disorders: Autism, Parkinsons, Epilepsy

Autism - childhood disorder characterized by impairments in communication, social interactions, and restrictive and repetitive behaviors

Parkinson’s disease - difficulty in initiating voluntary movement

Epilepsy - impaired brain activity that can lead to seizures and loss of consciousness

Considering the modern understanding of the brain function, which statement is incorrect?

Neuronal information processing happens only in series.

Considering the modern understanding of the brain function, which statement is correct?

Neuronal information processing is both serial and parallel, Each function is subserved by more than one neural pathway., When one neural pathway is damaged, others may compensate for this damage, Complex cognitive functions involve several interconnected areas of the brain.

Which statement about genetics is incorrect?

a)Functional and morphological cell diversity stems from the fact that each cellular subtype expresses a different subset of genes.

b) Functional and morphological cell diversity stems from the fact that each cellular subtype expresses the same subset of genes.

c) Genes are present on specific chromosomal locations.

Functional and morphological cell diversity stems from the fact that each cellular subtype expresses the same subset of genes.

Which statement about genetics are correct?

a)Functional and morphological cell diversity stems from the fact that each cellular subtype expresses a different subset of genes.

b) Functional and morphological cell diversity stems from the fact that each cellular subtype expresses the same subset of genes.

c) Genes are present on specific chromosomal locations.

d) all of the above

e) A/B

f) A/C

A/C (f)

Which is not a part of neuronal cytoskeletal elements?

Acetylcholine

Which is a part of neuronal cytoskeletal elements?

Microtubules, neurofilaments, Microfilaments (Actin)

Features of dorsal root gangla neurons

They release glutamate as the neurotransmitter.pseudounipolar neurons ; sensory afferent neurons

What are the features of the motor neurons?

They release acethylcholine as the neurotransmitter.;multipolar. They have radially oriented dendritic projections.

Neuronal resting membrane potential is mostly dependent on the conductances of these ions:

Sodium, Potassium, and chloride

Using letter conventions from Ohm's law, which formula correctly describes neuronal conductance g?

g=I/v (b/c I=V/R=V*g)

Axon initial segment is capable of producing forward and backpropagating spikes. Back propagating spike is produced by ____ voltage-gated ____ than the forward propagating spike

higher threshold;sodium channels

Anti-depressant Prozac increases Ach availability by blocking or slowing Acetylcholinesterase function.

False;

Backpropagating action potential will spreads back into the axon and axonal terminal.

False; it will go from axon to soma/dendrites

If sodium conductance follows positive feedback mechanism, what causes these channels to close during sustained depolarization?

Closure of inactivation gate; the activation gate would stil be repelled b/c during depolarization inside is positive

In myelinated neurons action potential maintains its amplitude as it travels down the axon because:

Action potentials get regenerated at the Nodes of Ranvier; nodes contain Vg channels

Pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease are:

Extracellular beta amyloid plaques

Axon initial segment contains precise organization of sodium channels responsible for generating two types of action potentials. Pick the most correct association.

Low threshold sodium channels are responsible for generating forward propagating action potential (spike); high threshold sodium channels are responsible for generating back propagating action potentials

Cocaine:

blocks Vg sodium channels

If V=IR and g=1/R, this formula for potassium current and its driving forces is correct.

Ik= g(Vm-Ek)

We focused on three toxins. Pick correct answer:

Saxitoxin can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning;

Tetrodotoxin is:

made by bacteria (VIBRIO CHOLERAE); blocks Vg Na+ channels ; in pufferfish and othe rmarine animals; not a retrograde toxin stain

If you were to raise extracellular potassium concentration outside the cell by 15mM, the membrane potential value will:

become more depolarized

The following statements are true about glia:

Glia guide neuronal migration and process outgrowth In the central nervous system, Oligodendrocytes provide myelin to the neurons; Astrocytes are a part of the blood-brain barrier; Microglia act as scavengers responsible for damaged tissue repair and clean up.;Astrocytes can actively influence synaptic activity;In the peripheral nervous system, Schwann cells provide myelin to the nerves; In the central nervous system, oligodendrocytes wrap myelin sheets around neurons.

Voltage-gated sodium channel structure and function:

A)It contains 6 subunits with 4 transmembrane segments.
b) Transmembrane segment S6 contains voltage sensor.
c) Channel has only one subunit and one pore loop between S3 and S4.

d) None of the above

none of the above; 4 domains 6 transmerbane segments; voltage sensor is s4; and pore loop between s5 and s6

Once sodium channel is inactivated, to de-inactivate the channel this needs to happen:

Cell membrane needs to get hyperpolarized.

Voltage-gated sodium channels contain two gates: activation and inactivation

True

S4 transmembrane segment of Na, is the selectivity poor loop location

false

Please select the correct answer regarding sodium and potassium channel gating properties

Both open in response to depolarization

Please pick the correct match for the toxins that we studied.

• Scorpion toxin

• Tetrodotoxin

• Saxitoxin

• Batrachotoxin

• helped derive -Potassium channel structure

• Blocks inward sodium conductance

• red tide; shellfish;blocks

• Blocks sodium channel inactivation

Lidocaine blocks voltage-gated sodium channels

true

Shaker flies

Potassium channel mutation

GEFS+

Sodium channel mutations

. Pick correct match for genetic tools used experimentally.

• -  Kock-in mice -

• -  Knock-out -

• -  Transgene -

• Kock-in mice - native gene replaced with a modfied gene

• Knock-out - a gene has been deleted

• Transgene - genes introduced and overexpressed

Pick correct matches for the three cytoskeletal elements.

Microtubule, Neurofilament, Microfilament (actin)

20 nm,10 nm, actin 5-7 nm

Horseradish peroxidase, herpes and rabies viruses can invade neuronal somas retrogradely (using retrograde transport)

True

What describes Alzheimer’s disease

TAU PROTEINS CAUSE NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES INSIDE THE CELLS.