[Y1] | CHAPTER 4 MUSCULAR

1. Skeletal muscle /ˈskɛlɪtl ˈmʌsl/ noun phrase

Muscle attached to bones that produces voluntary movements. (Cơ xương)

2. Cardiac muscle /ˈkɑːrdiˌæk ˈmʌsl/ noun phrase

Muscle found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood. (Cơ tim)

3. Smooth muscle / Visceral muscle /smuːð ˈmʌsl/ noun phrase

Muscle in internal organs and blood vessels that works involuntarily. (Cơ trơn, cơ nội tạng)

4. Contractility /ˌkɒntrækˈtɪləti/ noun

The ability of muscle tissue to contract. (Khả năng co rút)

5. Extensibility /ɪkˌstɛnsəˈbɪləti/ noun

The ability of a muscle to be stretched. (Khả năng giãn ra)

6. Excitability /ɪkˌsaɪtəˈbɪləti/ noun

The ability of muscle tissue to respond to stimuli. (Tính hưng phấn (khả năng đáp ứng kích thích))

7. Elasticity /ɪˌlæˈstɪsɪti/ noun

The ability of a muscle to return to its original shape after stretching. (Tính đàn hồi)

8. Striated muscle /ˈstraɪ.eɪtɪd ˈmʌsl/ noun phrase

Muscle with light and dark bands visible under a microscope. (Cơ vân)

9. Involuntary muscle /ɪnˈvɒlənˌtɛri ˈmʌsl/ noun phrase

Muscle that is not under conscious control. (Cơ không tự ý)

10. Voluntary muscle /ˈvɒlənˌtɛri ˈmʌsl/ noun phrase

Muscle that is under conscious control. (Cơ tự ý)

11. Tendon /ˈtɛndən/ noun

Strong connective tissue attaching muscle to bone. (Gân)

12. Origin /ˈɒrɪdʒɪn/ noun

The fixed attachment point of a muscle. (Nguyên ủy (điểm bám cố định của cơ))

13. Insertion /ɪnˈsɜːʃən/ noun

The moving attachment point of a muscle. (Bám tận (điểm bám di động của cơ))

14. Motor end-plate /ˈmoʊtər ˈɛnd pleɪt/ noun phrase

A specialized region where a motor neuron communicates with a muscle cell. (Tấm tận cùng vận động)

15. Synapse /ˈsɪnæps/ noun

A junction where a neuron communicates with another cell. (Khớp thần kinh)

16. Neurotransmitter /ˌnjʊəroʊˈtrænzmɪ tər/ noun

A chemical messenger that transmits signals between nerve cells and muscles. (Chất dẫn truyền thần kinh)

17. Acetylcholine (ACh) /əˌsiːtɪlˈkoʊliːn/ noun

The neurotransmitter released at neuromuscular junctions. (Acetylcholine (chất dẫn truyền thần kinh))

18. Autorhythmic /ˌɔːtoʊˈrɪðmɪk/ adjective

Capable of generating its own rhythmic contractions. (Tự nhịp (tự phát nhịp))

19. Insertion point /ɪnˈsɜːʃən pɔɪnt/ noun phrase

The specific site where a muscle attaches to the moving bone. (Điểm bám tận)

20. Muscle belly /ˈmʌsl ˈbɛli/ noun phrase

The fleshy, thick part of a muscle between tendons. (Bụng cơ)

21. Muscular system /ˈmʌs kjələr ˈsɪstə m/ noun phrase

The organ system composed of muscles that enables movement of the body. (Hệ cơ)

22. Contract /kənˈtr ækt/ verb

To shorten and thicken, causing movement. (Co lại, co rút)

23. Posture /ˈpɑːst ʃər/ noun

The position in which someone holds their body. (Tư thế)

24. Endurance /ɪnˈdjʊ ərəns/ noun

The ability to sustain prolonged effort or activity. (Sức bền)

25. Visceral muscle /ˈvɪsər əl ˈmʌsl/ noun phrase

Smooth muscle found in internal organs, responsible for moving substances such as food. (Cơ nội tạng)

26. Cardiac muscle /ˈkɑːr diˌæk ˈmʌsl/ noun phrase

Muscle found only in the heart, responsible for pumping blood. (Cơ tim)

27. Transport (substances) /ˈtræn spɔːrt/ verb

To carry or move materials from one place to another. (Vận chuyển (chất))

28. Metabolic rate /ˌmɛtə ˈbɒlɪk reɪt/ noun phrase

The speed at which the body uses energy. (Tốc độ chuyển hóa)

29. Waste heat /weɪst hiːt/ noun phrase

Heat produced as a by-product of metabolism. (Nhiệt thải)

30. Exert /ɪɡˈzɜː rt/ verb

To make a physical or mental effort. (Gắng sức)

31. Sweating /ˈswɛtɪ ŋ/ noun

The process of releasing liquid through skin pores to cool the body. (Sự đổ mồ hôi)

32. Neuromuscular /ˌnjʊəroʊˈmʌskj ələr/ adjective

Relating to nerves and muscles. (Thần kinh – cơ)

33. Motor end-plate /ˈmoʊtər ˈɛnd pleɪt/ noun phrase

The specialized area where a motor neuron connects with a muscle fiber. (Tấm tận cùng vận động)

34. Myopathy /maɪˈɒpəθi/ noun

A disease of the muscle tissue. (Bệnh cơ)

35. Polio /ˈpoʊlioʊ/ noun

A viral disease that can cause paralysis. (Bệnh bại liệt)

36. Cerebral palsy /ˈsɛrəbrəl ˈpɔːlzi/ noun phrase

A group of disorders affecting movement and posture, caused by damage to the developing brain. (Bại não)

37. Muscular dystrophy /ˈmʌskjələr ˈdɪstrəfi/ noun phrase

A group of genetic diseases causing progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. (Loạn dưỡng cơ)

38. Myasthenia gravis /ˌmaɪəsˈθiːniə ˈɡrævɪs/ noun phrase

An autoimmune disease that causes weakness of voluntary muscles. (Nhược cơ)

39. Parkinson’s disease /ˈpɑːrkɪnsənz dɪˈziːz/ noun phrase

A progressive neurological disorder that affects movement. (Bệnh Parkinson)

40. Tetanus /ˈtɛtənəs/ noun

A serious bacterial infection that causes painful muscle spasms and stiffness. (Uốn ván)

41. Strain /streɪn/ noun

An injury to a muscle or tendon caused by overstretching or excessive force. (Căng cơ)

42. Tendonitis /ˌtɛndəˈnaɪtɪs/ noun

Inflammation of a tendon. (Viêm gân)

43. Compartment syndrome /kəmˈpɑːrtmənt ˈsɪndroʊm/ noun phrase

Increased pressure within a muscle compartment that can damage muscles and nerves. (Hội chứng chèn ép khoang)

44. Hernia /ˈhɜːrniə/ noun

A condition in which an organ or tissue pushes through a weak area in the surrounding muscle or tissue. (Thoát vị)

45. Neurotoxin /ˈnjʊəroʊˌtɒksɪn/ noun

A toxin that damages or interferes with the function of nerve tissue. (Độc tố thần kinh)

46. Dopamine /ˈdoʊpəˌmiːn/ noun

A neurotransmitter involved in movement, motivation, and other brain functions. (Dopamine)

1. Slightly movable joint /ˈslaɪtli ˈmuːvəbəl dʒɔɪnt/ noun

A joint allowing a small amount of movement (Khớp bán động, khớp ít cử động)

2. Bursa /ˈbɜːrsə/ noun

A small fluid-filled sac that reduces friction between nearby body structures (Túi hoạt dịch)