GI Pathology: Hernias, Pyloric Stenosis, and Biliary Disorders

Sliding esophageal hernia (slide image A)

Gastroesophageal junction and a herniated portion of stomach sit above the diaphragm

Paraesophageal hernia (slide image B)

Gastroesophageal junction stays below the diaphragm while a herniated portion of stomach pushes up alongside the esophagus

Structures labeled in the hernia diagrams

Esophagus, gastroesophageal junction, herniated portion of stomach, peritoneal reflection, diaphragm, intra-abdominal portion of stomach

Pyloric stenosis

Thickened muscle (pylorus) causing a blockage between the stomach and duodenum

Structures labeled in the pyloric stenosis diagram

Esophagus, stomach, thickened pylorus muscle causing a blockage, duodenum

Patient population shown for pyloric stenosis

Infant

Gastroparesis

Stomach emptying is impaired; the diagram shows a damaged vagus nerve, with nausea and bloating

Nerve damaged in gastroparesis (per diagram)

Vagus nerve

Symptoms labeled on the gastroparesis diagram

Nausea and bloating

Structures labeled in the gastroparesis diagram

Esophagus, sphincter, vagus nerve, pyloric sphincter

Diverticular disease (slide images)

Endoscopic views of the colon lumen showing multiple outpouchings (diverticula) in the colon wall

Appendicitis

Inflamed appendix, shown arising from the cecum area in the right lower abdomen

McBurney's point

Point on the line between the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus, in the right lower quadrant; the site marked on the appendicitis slide

Landmarks used to locate McBurney's point

Anterior superior iliac spine and umbilicus

Ischemic colitis

Ischemia of the large bowel at sites of vulnerable arterial blood supply, shown as watershed areas

Watershed area at the splenic flexure (per diagram)

Superior and inferior mesenteric artery watershed

Watershed area at the rectosigmoid region (per diagram)

Inferior mesenteric and hypogastric artery watershed

Arteries labeled in the ischemic colitis diagram

Superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery

Cholecystitis, cholangitis, and pancreatitis (slide grouping)

Biliary and pancreatic conditions shown together on one diagram of the gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and duodenum

Gallstones location (per diagram)

In the gallbladder

Gallstone blocking the common bile duct (per diagram)

Shown in the duct near where it meets the pancreatic duct and duodenum

Ducts labeled in the biliary diagram

Left hepatic duct, right hepatic duct, cystic duct, common hepatic duct, common bile duct, pancreatic duct

Other structures labeled in the biliary diagram

Gallbladder, gallstones, pancreas, duodenum