Unit 2 BIO Exam

Small size is efficient

More surface area relative to volume, allows for efficient use of diffusion (getting nutrients in and waste out).

Protein

The purple beans; acts as a gateway that allows larger molecules to pass though the membrane; receptors act as a lock (protein) and key (molecule)

Phospholipid bilayer

The orange circles and the yellow strings in-between; The bulk of the membrane, allows for small lipid soluble molecules to pass through (02 in and C02 out)

Cholesterol

Yellow grouped hexagons in phospholipid bilayer; Stiffen the membrane

Carbohydrate groups

Blue grouped hexagons on the outside of the membrane; Identify the cell

Passive Transport

Does not use ATP and relies on concentration gradient (high to low)

Diffusion

P.T.; The movement of molecules through the plasma membrane as a result of a random motion.

Osmosis

Diffusion of H20 though a semi-permeable membrane from high H20 conc. to low.

Diffusion through the lipid layer

O2 and Co2 diffuse freely through the plasma membrane

Diffusion through protein channels

Some polar and charged molecules (H20) diffuse through protein channels (some are always open some are gated)

Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion through a protein channel with the help of a helper molecule (sugar enters through a protein channel with the help of insulin)

Factors of Diffusion speed

Molecular weight (small), temperature (hot), pressure (high), and conc. gradient (larger)

Endocytosis

Active transport; Moves an item into a cell

Exocytosis

A.T.; moves an item out of a cell

Sodium Potassium Pump

A.T.; Uses ATP to expel 3 sodium ions per every 2 potassium ions brought into the cell

Increased Cell Volume

Increase in H20 in cytoplasm by lowering the pump and allowing more sodium inside the cell (holds H20 in cell)

Decreased Cell Volume

Less H20 in cytoplasm by increasing the pump and expelling more sodium ions (pulls H20 out with it)

Receptor proteins

A signaling molecule approaches a receptor protein embedded in the cell membrane, binds to a specific receptor site in a lock-and-key fashion. This binding triggers a series of biochemical events that ultimately cause changes within the cell, once the signaling molecule detaches from the receptor site, the reaction stops.

Receptor proteins are highly specific for a particular molecule or a group of similar molecules.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell, contains DNA/genetic material;

A double membrane surrounds the nucleus, pore openings allow molecules to enter/exit, possesses chromosomes (individual pieces of genetic material), and has a nucleolus

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes, center of nucleus

Ribosomes

Responsible for making specific proteins;

Free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound (attached to the ER)

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth (makes lipids/fats) and Rough (Ribosomes are attached, makes proteins)

Tubular (hollow) and stacked

Golgi Apparatus

Receives substances from ER, then refine the proteins and lipids, place in a vesicle (round shipping sphere), Fed Ex of the cell;
Hollow, tubular, flattened + stacked

Lysosomes

Enzymes that break down Deloris (garbage disposal)

Peroximes

Enzymes that detoxify

Mitochondria

Provides energy to the cell (creates ATP using food and 02), long term storage (fat: days-years) and short term (glycogen: hours);

Double membrane

Cytoskeleton

Supports the cell membrane from below, anchors organelles

Cillia

Move as a unit in a wave-like manner, moves items over the surface of cells

Flagella

Moves like a whip, propels cells forward (sperm cell)

Centriole

Paired organelles, only active during cell division, spindle fibers

Microvilli

Multiple folds in the cell membrane, high surface area

Metabolism

Chemical reactions that happen in the body in order to make ATP

Anabolism

Makes new organelles, repairs cells, makes new molecules, and stores ATP

Catabolism

Removes old/damaged organelles, breaks down large molecules, and releases stored ATP

Prep Step

To prepare for crabs, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted to 2 CoA.

Citric Acid Cycle/CRABS

CoA is broken down by mitochondrial enzymes, and 2 molecules of ATP is produced

Glycoloysis

Enzymes break apart glucose; produces 2 ATP and pyruvate

Electronic Transport System

Energy from electrons used to produce ATP (32), H20, and C02

Anerobic pathways

Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm and does not require 02 (pyruvate is converted into lactic acid instead)

Tissue

Groups of cells with a common function; Epithelia, connective, muscle, and nervous

Organ

Group of tissues with a common function

Epithelial Tissues

Line body cavities and cover surfaces

Glandular Epithelia

Epithelial cells adapted to make up glands (exocrine glands (to secrete out a duct to a surface) and endocrine glands (secretes into blood; hormones))

Basement Membrane

Structural support, attaches to epithelial layer to underlying tissues

Epithelial Tissue Classification

First name (number of layers), middle name (shape), last name (epithelia)

Simple Squamos

Found in capillaries (smallest blood cells) and areolas; function is diffusion

Simple Columnar

Found in most of the digestive tract, function is absorption

Simple Cuboidal

Found in kidney tubules ducts of glands, secretes and excretes

Stratified Squamas

Found in upper/outer layer of the skin (mouth, anal region, ect,), protection

Junctions

Holds cell together;

tight (holds 2 cell membranes tightly together),

adhesion/desmosomes (allow for stretching between cells (muscles, skin, stomach)

gap (protein tunnel/canals that connect to cells, rapid communication between cells (cardiac + smooth muscle))

Connective tissue

Support and connects body parts; contains living cells (fibroblasts: collagen, elastic, and reticular) and matrix (strong semi-solid liquid)

Fibrous Connective Tissue

Loose/areolar (cell = fibroblast, matrix = all fiber types, found in packing material around organs)

Elastic (Stretches)

Reticular (fine/delicate, found in soft organs)

Dense (Cell = fibroblast, matrix = collagen, found in tendons and ligaments)

Special Connective Tissue

Cartilage (chondrocyte), bone (osteocyte), blood (Red and white blood cells + platelets), fat (adipocyte), and muscle

Skeletal Muscle

Attached to bones, has multiple nucleuses, made up of protein fibers, voluntary + striated

Cardiac Muscle

Heart, cells are branched, one nucleus, involuntary, intercalated discs

Smooth Tissue

Surrounds hollow organs, cells are spindle like, involuntary and non-stirated

Nervous Tissue

Neuron, dendrites (extensions of the cell membrane that pick-up stimuli), cell-body (nucleus controls metabolism), axon (sends the signal to the next cell), and gilia

Glial Cell

Bodyguard; makes sure the needs of the cell is met (protection, insulation, nourishment)

Midsagittal

Cut me in half between my eyes

Frontal

Cut me in half using my ears

Transverse

Cut me in half like gojo

Anterior/Ventral

Towards the front

Distal

Farther from the trunk

Inferior

Away from the head

Lateral

Away from the middle of the body (midsagittal style)

Medial

Towards the middle (midsagittal)

Posterior

Towards the booty

Proximal

Towards the place of attatchement/trunk

Superior

towards the head

Integumentary System

Prevents dehydration and defends against microorganisms (has a cutaneous membrane)

Epidermis

Tissue: stratified squamous and dense connective tissue
Avascular; relies on diffusion from the dermis to get blood cells

Bone

Matrix - Calcium phosphate and collagen

Cells: Osteoblasts/cytes/clasts

Osteoblast

Builds bones by making new matrix

Osteocytes

maintenance of all the matrix live in the lacunae

Osteoclasts

remove bone matrix

Structure of Bone

Spongy Bone

Contains red marrow, has stem cells that make red and white blood cells

Compact Bone

Type of dense bone tissue found on the outer surfaces of shafts of bones

Yellow marrow

Made up of primary fat, used to store energy.

Tendon

attaches muscle to bone

Ligament

Attaches bone to muscle

Osteon

A cylindrical structure in bone composed of layers of living bone cells and hard extracellular material, arranged like the layers of an onion. In the center is a central canal through which nerves and blood vessels pass.

Central Canal

In bone, the hollow central tube of an osteon that contains nerves and blood vessels.

Serous membrane

Covers organs + lines enclosed body cavities

Mucous membranes

Lines areas of body open to the outside

Synovial membranes

Lines freely movable joints

Cutaneous membrane

Skin

Fetal bone development

Bone Repair

1) Hematoma

2) Callus is than formed between the two broken ends of the bone

3) Osteoclasts arrive and remove the dead fragments of the og bone and blood cells

4) Osteoblasts that deposit osteoid matrix, converting calcium phosphate minerals into bone

Chondroblasts

Cartilage forming cells, live for 2-3 months

Axial Skeleton

Midline of the body (skull, ribs, sternum, and backbone)

Skull Anatomy

Spine Anatomy

Cervical (7), Thoracic (12), lumbar (5), Scrum (5), Coccyx (4)

Rib Anatomy

True (1-7), False (8-10), Floating (11-12).

Appendicular Skeleton

Appendages

Pectoral girdle

Pelvic Girdle