gait intro

mechanical objectives of gait

generation of forces to move forward toward direction of travel, stay upright against gravity, maintain balance

what direction is the GRF is the foot is walking forward

forwards

when is the COM the highest

during mid stance, both legs under you, back straight

when is the COM lowest

when legs are split

narrow BOS

smaller ML displacement

wider BOS

larger ML displacement, more room to move side to side

functional objectives of stance phase

weight acceptance, single limb support, progression over supporting foot, prep for swing

initial ground contact

neutral ankle and knee, flexed hip, prepping for weight acceptance

weight acceptance

ankle PF to 10 degrees, knee flexion to 15 degrees, shock absorption and weight bearing stability

mid stance

tibial advancement, frontal plane hip and pelvic control, progress COM and trunk over stationary foot

terminal stance

ankle locked at 10 degrees DF, heel rises, progress COM past stance limb to prepare for swing

pre swing

knee flexing to 40 degrees, position limb to initiate swing

functional objective during the swing phase

limb advancement, toe clearance, forward reach, prep for initial contact

initial swing

knee flexing to 60 degrees, hip flexing to 15 degrees, clear foot during swing and intitiate limb advancement

mid swing

hip flexing to 25 degrees, ankle DF to 0 degrees, foot about 1 cm off floor, foot clearance and advance limb forward

terminal swing

hip flexing to 30 degrees, knee extending to 15 degrees, complete limb advancement and prep for initial contact

MTP joint kinematics

sagittal plane, 55-65 degrees of first MTP DF, extreme value at toe off, enables optimal pushoff

sagittal ankle joint kinematics

10 degrees of DF around heel rise, 20 degrees PF at toe off

frontal plane ankle joint kinematics

8 degrees motion during stance

sagittal plane knee joint kinematics

0-5 degrees flexion at initial contact, 60 degrees flexion during swing phase

frontal plane knee joint kinematics

extremely variable between individuals, more than 10 degrees than investigate

sagittal plane hip joint kinematics

3-35 degrees hip flexion at initial contact, 10 degrees extension at terminal stance

frontal plane hip joint kinematics

5 degrees relative hip add in mid stance, 5 degrees relative hip abd in mid swing

transverse plane hip joint kinematics

10-12 degrees total of relative rotation, closed chain hip ER/IR

sagittal plane pelvis segment kinematics

2-4 degrees of pelvic tilt in each direction

frontal plane pelvis kinematics

measured by distance, people have varying structures

trunk kinematics

maintained in slight flexion