Christianity

Apostle

A person sent on a mission to spread the teachings of Jesus Christ and establish the Christian church. The most notable apostles include Peter, James, and John.

Baptism

A Christian sacrament signifying spiritual cleansing and regeneration through water, typically performed in the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.

Church

A community of Christians who gather for worship, instruction, and fellowship, often led by clergy.

Eucharist

A Christian sacrament commemorating the Last Supper, where bread and wine are consecrated and consumed as symbols of Jesus' body and blood.

Evangelicalism

A Christian movement emphasizing personal faith, the authority of Scripture, and the necessity of evangelism to spread the Gospel.

Fundamentalism

A movement within Christianity that emphasizes a strict interpretation of religious texts and fundamental beliefs, often reacting against modernism and liberal theology.

Three Synoptic Gospels

The three Synoptic Gospels are Matthew, Mark, and Luke, which share similar content, structure, and themes, differing from the Gospel of John.

The Gospel of John

The fourth Gospel that emphasizes the divinity of Christ, distinct from the Synoptic Gospels.

John the Baptist

a major figure in religious studies, historical-critical biblical scholarship, and Second Temple Judaism.

Kingdom of God

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Martin Luther

German Augustinian friar, priest, and theology professor whose studies and protests sparked the Protestant Reformation

Nicene Creed

foundational statement of Christian faith formulated at the Council of Nicaea in AD 325 and finalized at the Council of Constantinople in AD 381

Eastern Orthodox Churches

the tradition is examined through its distinct theology, history, governance, and liturgical life.

Parables

short, fictitious or realistic narratives that use everyday situations—such as farming, commerce, or household life—to illustrate deep moral, ethical, or spiritual principles

Paul of Tarsus

a foundational figure in religious studies and the history of Christianity

Pentecostalism

Protestant Christianity

focus on the history, theology, and global development of churches that separated from the Roman Catholic Church or arose from the Protestantism Reformation

Roman Catholic Church

examine its history, theology, institutional structure, and cultural impact.

Saints

a person recognized for having an exceptional degree of holiness, likeness, or closeness to God

Church of the West

the major division of Christianity that developed in the Latin-speaking Western Roman Empire, centered around Rome, as distinct from Eastern Christianity

Church of the East

a distinct institutional form of Christianity rooted in the Syriac tradition and Mesopotamia

Constantine (306 CE - 337 CE)

transformed Christianity from a persecuted minority sect into a favored, institutional pillar of the Roman Empire

Five Main Sects of First Century Judaism

Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, Zeolots, and christians.

Southern Baptist

focus on biblical inerrancy, conservative evangelical theology, and practical ministry training grounded in the Baptist Faith and Message

Pope

examining papal authority, Catholic theology, canon law, and the intersection of faith with global culture

Arch-Patriarch

scholarly analyses typically focus on the interplay between archbishops and patriarchs, or specific structural titles like the Ecumenical Patriarch

The Russian Orthodox Church

one of the largest autocephalous (self-governing) Eastern Orthodox churches in the world

Christian Nationalism

merges a specific expression of Christianity with American or national civic life

New Testament Canon

The Gospels: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John

Historical Narrative: The Acts of the Apostles

The Epistles (Letters): Thirteen letters attributed to Paul, plus general/Catholic epistles (Hebrews, James, 1–2 Peter, 1–3 John, Jude)

Apocalyptic Prophecy: The Book of Revelation

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Catechism

a structured summary or outline of religious doctrine—traditionally presented in a question-and-answer format—used to instruct children, new converts, and believers in the core tenets of faith

The Apocrypha

a collection of ancient Jewish and Christian texts that lie outside the standard scriptural canon

Mass

the central liturgical and sacramental act of the Catholic Church

Veneration

the practice of showing deep respect, honor, and reverence to religiously significant individuals, objects, or symbols

Apocalypticism

a religious and secular worldview expecting an imminent, cataclysmic intervention by a higher power or cosmic force to overthrow evil, judge the world, and establish a new era.

Original Sin

a foundational Christian doctrine describing the fallen, sinful condition into which all human beings are born as a result of Adam and Eve’s disobedience in the Garden of Eden (the Fall of Man).

The Way

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Aramaic

the academic and theological discipline dedicated to studying the Northwest Semitic language of Aramaic, its extensive religious literature, and its ancient, classical, and modern dialects

Kione Greek

it serves as the foundational language of the New Testament, the Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible), and many early Christian writings

Infant Baptism

Christian sacramental practice of baptizing babies and young children to initiate them into the faith community

Predestination

God has eternally and sovereignly determined the final destiny of individuals

The Seven Sacraments

efficacious (effective) signs of grace, instituted by Jesus Christ and entrusted to the Church, through which divine life is dispensed to the faithful.

Justification by Faith Alone

a foundational theological doctrine in Protestant Christianity teaching that God declares a sinner righteous—forgiven and acquitted—solely through trust in Jesus Christ, apart from human works, merits, or moral efforts

Philosophy of Religion

a critical, philosophical examination of religious concepts, beliefs, arguments, and practices.