History level 2

What was the British promise to Zionists that a Jewish homeland would be established in Palestine?

The Balfour Declaration

Why was the Balfour Declaration contradictory?

Because the British also promised Palestine to an Arab leader Hussein ibn Ali in return for fighting against the Ottomans.

Who were the Zionists and why did they want a homeland in Palestine?

The zionist movement wanted to find a safe homeland for Jews because they were persecuted elsewhere.

Why was there an influx of Jewish immigration into Palestine in 1924?

America stopped letting Jews immigrate

When was The State of Israel founded?

14th May, 1948

What happened the day after The State of Israel was created?

Every surrounding and independent Arab State invaded

When was the Yom Kippur War?

Late 1973

What event did the US begin militarily supporting Israel?

During the Yom Kippur War

How many Palestinians were expelled during Al Nakba?

Around 700,000

What happened to the Palestinian villages after Al Nakba?

Inhabited by Jews fleeing from other parts of the Middle East

When did the Six Day War begin?

5th June, 1967

What global superpower supported many of the Arab States at the time?

The USSR

Aside from Israel, which country was America's biggest ally in the region before its leaders were overthrown in 1973?

Iran

How many people were displaced in the 1948 Nakba?

Over 700,000

What agreement does the US have with Israel?

Free trade agreement

Why was the US interested in supporting Israel?

To fight the Arab USSR proxy states

What happened when the USA started funding Israel?

Israel's military would rapidly modernize, and neighbouring countries would increasingly grow uncomfortable.

When was the first Intifada?

8th December 1987 to 13th September 1993

What sparked the first Intifada?

Israel's collective punishment "Iron Fist" policy which oppressed Palestinians

What was the first Intifada death toll?

1000 people, 200 children

Which Empire controlled the Middle East before its collapse in WW1?

The Ottoman Empire

Why did muslims have problems with the Ottomans?

Non-Islamic European powers were now ruling over them

What event reignited radical islamism?

The fall of the Ottoman empire after World War 1

After the Ottoman empire fell, which powers now controlled their areas?

France and the United Kingdom

Why did the French and British control anger muslims?

Foreign powers meddling in muslim business

What is Qutbism?

A fundamentalist Salafi movement with the end goal of an arab superstate with sharia law

What is salafism?

A fundamentalist islamic movement that seeks to go back to old Islam

What is wahhabism?

A more extreme Salafi movement that believes they practice old Islam.

What is Jihad?

Holy DEFENSIVE war

What is a takfir?

Traitor to Islam

What is a fatwa?

Holy war

What is a caliphate?

Muslim government led by a caliph

When did Qutb visit the United States?

1940s when getting his PhD

What aspects of American culture disgusted Qutb?

(Anti-arab) racism, freedom of sexuality, violence, and consumerism

What book did Qutb first write?

'The America I Have Seen'

What did the United States firstly do to involve themselves in the middle east?

Create military and oil infrastructure in Saudi Arabia

What royal family did the US financially support?

Saudi Arabian

Which Islamic movement seeks to bring back the caliphate and go back to 'original' version of Islam?

The Salafis

Which Egyptian terrorist advocated for waging a jihad to establish a 'pure' islamic govt?

Sayyid Qutb

What was the last widely recognised Caliphate?

The Ottoman Caliphate

Which more secular country replaced the Ottomans in Anatolia?

Turkey

Why was there no other Caliphate?

There was no Sunni Muslim nation powerful, well-known, or uncontroversial enough to fill the role

What did the new government of Iran do after overthrowing their monarchy?

Fund various Shia terrorist groups across the Middle East

What happened in Afghanistan after the USSR left?

It got absolutely messed up as the various Mujahideen groups would fight for control of the country

What did the new Iranian government call the US?

The 'Great Satan'

What was the Bin Laden family's trade?

They own a big construction firm and are close with the Saudi royal family

What religion did the Bin Laden family follow?

Wahhabism

Where was Osama born?

Saudi Arabia

Where was Osama radicalised?

His University in KSA

Who gave lectures on his brother's literature that radicalised Osama?

Muhammad Qutb

When did the USSR invade Afghanistan?

1979

Which professor declared a DEFENSIVE jihad against the USSR and encouraged Osama to fight in Afghanistan?

Abdullah Yusuf Azzam

Who co-founded Al-Qaeda with Osama and further radicalised him?

Ayman Al-Zawahiri

What was the name of the group that Osama fought in Afghanistan with?

Mujahideen

When did Osama found Al-Qaeda?

During his time fighting the USSR

Who assisted Osama Bin Laden with masterminding 9/11?

Khalid Sheikh Mohammed

What was the founding ideology of Al-Qaeda?

Qutbism

Who was in control of Iraq in 1990?

Saddam Hussein

What happened in 1990 that worried the Saudi monarchy?

Iraq's invasion of Kuwait

What did Osama do in response to the invasion of Kuwait?

He volunteered his rag-tag band of Al-Qaeda fighters to help defend against Iraq

Who did the KSA receive help from?

The US

What led to Osama being expelled from Saudi Arabia?

He denounced the royal family as Takfir

Why did Osama denounce the royal family as takfir?

They rejected his offer for Al-Qaeda to protect Saudi Arabia from Iraq, and instead let America protect them.

Where did Osama go after being expelled from Saudi Arabia?

Sudan

What did Osama do while in Sudan?

Helped the Muslim government in their civil war against the Chirstian south

Why was Osama expelled from Sudan?

Pressure from the US and KSA

Where did Osama go after being expelled from Sudan?

Afghanistan

Who was in control of 90% of Afghanistan when Osama was expelled there?

The Taliban

What did Osama declare against the US and Israel?

A fatwa

What did Osama do after being expelled to Afghanistan?

Create Al-Qaeda training camps

What did Osama bomb in 1998?

The US embassies in Kenya and Tanzania

What did Osama bomb in 2000?

The USS Cole

What did Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's nephew (who was not affiliated with Al-Qaeda) do?

Bombed the Twin Towers in 1993 and a plane to Japan in 1994

Who carried out the attacks?

Al-Qaeda

How many people, including the 19 hijackers, died on 9/11?

2996 people

How many firefighters died on 9/11?

343

Which tower was attacked via plane first?

North tower

Which tower collapsed first?

South Tower

Which floors were hit on the North Tower?

91-95

Which floors were hit on the South Tower, and why were they significant?

78-85. This was significant because many people were gathered on floor 78, the 'sky lobby', because they didn't know whether to evacuate or not.

Which government building was attacked by the third plane?

The Pentagon

Where did United Airlines Flight 93 (the passenger-intercepted plane) crash?

A field in Pennsylvania

What were the United Airlines Flight 93's possible targets?

The Capitol building or White House

Why did Osama specifically choose the buildings he did for the attacks?

They were the buildings most important to America economically (the World Trade Center), militarily (the Pentagon), and politically (the Capitol)

Why was Osama intentionally provoke the US?

His goal was to provoke America into retaliating against Al-Qaeda on Afghanistan/middle eastern soil, where they would have the upper hand.

What was the overall goal of waging war against the United States?

To have all Muslim states unite under mutual hate, therefore creating the arab superstate Qutb wanted, and to provoke America into coming to the Middle East

What was the Iron Fist policy?

A collective punishment against Palestinians carried out by the IDF

When was the Iron Fist Policy?

1985