Bio 100 after first exam

Micrsocopy has been around since when?

1595

Who coined the term cells in the 1600s

Robert Hooke

The first microcopes where what kind

compound

Who invented the single lense microscope

Antony Von Leeunwohooke magnification around 1600
first man to see blood, bacteria, sperm etc at that level, refuted spontenous generation

Cell theory is attributed to what three men

Schleidan- 1838 botanaist who suggessted plants made of cells

Schwann-1839 zoologists who suggested animals made of cells

Circhow- 1855 physical who suggested all cells came from other cells

what are the three pricnciples of cell theory

cells are smallest unit of life

all life is composed of cells

all cells arise from other cells

what does cell theory fail to do

adress the complexity of cells, like organelles

what are the two cell catagories (broadest)

Prokaryotic, Eukaryotic

what are some chacteristics and things regarding prokaryotic cells

Bacteria
Archea
appeared about 3.5 billion years ago

no nuclues

no organelles

smaller than Eukaryotic

what are some characteristics and thigns regarding Eukaryotic cells

Protists

Plants

Fungi

ANimals

about 2.1 billion years ago appeared

Nucleus

Organelles

Larger

what are the universal feature of cells

plasma membrane: bounded by a membrane of phospholipids

cytosol: thick jelly like fluid that cell components are suspended in (is polar

Cytoskeleton: Protein based filaments in cytoplasm that maintian structure

genome: all cells have one or more chrommosomes that carry genes made of DNA

Ribosomes: Tiny strucutre that build proteins according to instructions form nucleus.

What is the prokaryotic cell setup from outside in

Capsule: protectio and stickiness

Fibriae/Pili: help cell attach

Flagela: help cell move

cell wall: protecks and keeps shape

plasma(cell) membrane: sourrounds cytoplasm and cell machinary

ribosomes: (synthesize proteins)

Nucleoid: contains single circular bacterial chormosome- plasmid

are Eukaryotic cells more complex

yes

What is an organelle

a membrane bound strucure that performs a specific function

Eukaroyic cells have what type of nucleus, that does what

Double membrane bound, that houses cells dna

what is special about plant cells

Chloroplasts

cells walls

vacuoles

what is special about animal cells

Lysoomes (bubble of digestive enzymes sourounded by a membrane)

the plasma membrane does what

sepeartes inside from outside of a cell

what defines organelles in a eukaryote

a cell membrane

a cell membrane is how thick

very very thin, see trhough

cell membrane is comprised of what

amphipathic macromolechules (amphipathic means polar and non polar regions)

what is a plasma membrane made of

a phosoholipid bilayer (two layer sheets of phospholipids)

why is a plasma membrane a fluid mosiac

Fluid: molechules can freely move past one another.

mosaic: diversity of proteins in the molechule.

what holds the heads of phosopliipds together

hydroen bonds

desribe hte palsma membrane

flexible, self selaing, can fuse with other membrane, non static, rigid sheets.

what do surface proteins in the membrane do

pump

receptors

regulare traffic

etc

what is cytosal

the cell filling lqiuid

the cytotsal has what specific things

solute concentrations, pH

what life sutatinng chemical reactiosn happen within cytosal

Ribosomes make protins

Glycosis takes place

what other funcitons does cytosol have

storage

suspends organelles in Eukaryotes

what is DNA

a polymer Nucleic acid informaiton molechule, double helix strands

what is the dogma of bio

making protins starts with DNA (DNA makes RNA, RNA makes proteins)

chromomsomes are what

peices of DNA with set sequence of genes

what do those specific sequences do

provide instructions for sythesis of proteins

where must copies of genes be transfered

from nucelus to cytoplasm

Genes get copied from DNA to mRNA then what

mRNA moves trhough nucleure pores into cytosol and bins a ribosome

what does the mRNA with a ribosome attached

translates a genetic message into a proein with specific amino acid sequence

dProkaryotes have no nucleus what do they have

Genomic DNA and mRNA ribosomes

DNA winds around what

histone

what does the DNA and Histone turn into when wound tight

Chromatin

A linear strand of DNA coiled into a chromatin is what

a chromosome

DNA, Chromatin, and a chromsome all classify as DNA what is important

the differnt levels of organzation

what does the cytoskeleton do

Give cell shape

give cell movmeent

help maintain shape

lysosome transport

what is the cytoskeleton

a networkd of protein fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

is the cytoskeleton dynamic or static

Dynamic

what special skill does the cytoskeleton have

the ability to be dismantled and reformed in a new location when needed

what can the cytoskeleton do to proteins

remove protein subunits/reatach subunits

what does rearragment of the cytoskeleton allow

rigidity in new location

change shape of cell

cause cell or parts of it to move

cytskeleton is made up of what three main things

Microtubles: composed of pairs of different polypeptides in a helical arragement

intermediate filaments: compoesd of ropelike bundles of various proteins

microfilaments: composed of acting proteins that resemble twisted double bands of beads.

What is a ribosome

a small complex of protein and RNA that translate genetic sequence into amino acid sequence of a protein

how many subunits does a ribosome have

two, they lock around an mRNA

what does the Ribosome do

it pulls mRNA through it and it matches with the corresponding amino acid

Eukaryotes have specific organelles and systems, what makes up the endo-membrane system and why is it called that

they are all either membraneous organelles that are either touching or linked by vesicles

Nucleus

ER

Golgi

Lysosome

the nucleolus is within the nucleus, what does it do

makes pieces of ribosomes

the nucleus has a double membrane called what

the nucleaur envelope

The pores of the envelope regulate entry and exit, whats in and what out

mRNA out

Nucleolus products out

enzmyes for maintaing Dna in

the ER is apart of the endo membrane system, what does it do

produces proteins and lipids primarily but produces many things

how is the ER connected to the nucleus

it touches the nucleur envelope

what are the two kinds of ER

Rough and smooth

Ribosomes send polypeptides into the folds of rough er, what happens next?

they are refined and folded and eventually bubbled off as vesicles and transported to other organelles

the smooth er lacks what

ribosomes

what does the smooth Er produce

phospholipids, steriods, and more ER

what singificant job does the smooth er do with what large body organ

assits the liver to deotoxify and metabolise drugs, cells make more enzymes to break them down

what does the golgi apperatus do?

it recives vesicles of proteins and lipids fom er, then it stores and packages them to send them off to their destinations, like the cytosoal or plasma membrane

what is hte order of the golgi appartus

1. transport vesicles from Er products reach golgi and fuse with its membrane

2. polypeptides fumped from vesicle into folded cavity of golgi

3. modified by other enzymes in the golgi then repackaged in vesicles an shipped out to cytoplasm

ENDO MEMBRANE EXAMPLE the prostate makes ~33 of ejaculate volume, zinc, citric acid, etc are needed to keep the sperm alive what sends these things out

all are made on their own but packaged in the golgi and sent out propery

what is the main role of the mitochondria

it makes ATP

How does the Mitochondria make ATP

by exracting energy from food

what type of membrane does the mitochrondria have

a double memrane

what is the structure of the mitochondria

double membrane

cristae: folded inner membrane studded with respriatory complexes: essential enregy hubs

intermembrane compartment: in between Cristae and outer membrane

Matrix: gel fills the space within cristae. citric acid style

interplay between what structures of the mitochondria react to make atp

cristae and matrix reactions

do chloroplasts replace hte mitochrondria in plant cells,

no

what gets the chloroplast, what gets the mitochondria

plants get both

animals only get mitochondria

what is the function of the chloroplast

makes glucose needed for mitochondrial function

makes its own atp

what is the structure of the chloroplast

Double membrane

Stroma: fluid inside with lots of important enzymes in it

thylajoid: stacks of folded membranes stacked with photosystems

what is the chloroplast process

light hits cloroplasts

light coverted to chemical energy

then chemical energy to mitochondria

mitochondria makes atp

in short explain the endosymbiont theory

chloroplasts and mitochrondria were both once their own prokaryotes, then they eventually became interdepent with eachother and went on to become interdependent with eachother and evolved into a single organism.

who propsed the endosymbiont theory

dr. Lynn, Margulis

how long ago was the endosmyiont theory proposed to have happened

1.7 billion years ago

(evidence for endosymbiont) Mitochondria and chloroplast repliaction both occurs through what

binary fision.

(evidence for endosymbiont) chloroplasts and mitochrondria both house their own versions of what cellular things

ribosomes and DNA

(evidence for endosymbiont) mitochondria nd chloroplasts both have what

ciruclar plasmid DNA

(evidence for endosymbiont) cardiolipin is found in the bacterial outer membrane, and in mitochondrial membrane but not in what

Eukaroyitic outer membrane

(evidence for endosymbiont) here is High DNA sequence simalarity between mitochondrial DNA and what bacteria

Rickestia bacteria

(evidence for endosymbiont) there is high DNA simalrity between chloroplasts and what bacteria

Cyanbobacteria

(evidence for endosymbiont) what are mitochondria and Chloroplast both sensative too

same antibodies used to kill prokaryotic pathogens.

what is a lysosome

a membrane enclsoed sac of digestive proteins

what cells is a lysosome fuond in

animal cells

what do lysosomes do

they break down many things like protiins and polysacarides, they also unweb hands and feet during prenatal development

what lysosome disease was covered in class

tay-sachs

what happens with tay sachs

nerve cells accumulate excells lipids as a result of a lack of lysosomes breaking the lipids down which leads to an inability to transmit nueral signals

how does one get tay-sachs

its herdiatary

how does tay-sachs actually mess with lysosomes

misfolding structure of digestive enzymes which leads them to be engorged with indigestible lipids

is it reasonable to live with tay- sachs

no, it is often fatal in early childhood

what is the structure of a valuole

large sacs that bud off a membrane

what is the two funcitons of vacuoles

food vacuoles: bud in from membrane with endocytosed food

paramecium have Contractile vacuoles that pump out excess water that flows in from outside enviorment of cell

how do lysosomes work with vacuoles

the food vacuoles bring in the pahgocytosed food and the lysosomes bind with the vacuole, merge and digest the food

the central vacuole is particular to what?

plant cells

how much volume does a central vacole take up

up to moer than half of a plant cell

what makes a central vacuole versatile

although its main job is to hold water it can also

store organic nutrients

absorb water

hold certain pigments making polinators atracted to it

hold certain poisons to protect the plant