small animal exam 3 ONCOLOGY (kats copy)

oncology

the study of cancer

tumor, neoplasm, mass are terms that are

interchangeable

what is the difference between benign vs malignant

benign is a localized non-cancerous mass, where malignant is cancerous.

what is metastasis

when something is spread to other locations

what is a paraneoplastic syndrome

a syndrome is the tumors ability to affect cystomial relief

what is a sarcoma

malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal tissue (muscle bone, connective tissue)

what is a carcinoma

a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs.

FNA vs biopsy

A FNA is a needle sample from a lesion, where biopsy is from the whole tumor

Characteristics of cancer cells

-abnormal cells

-insensitive to inhibitory signals that would stop their growth

-they evade programmed cell death called apoptosis

-has the ability to multiply indefinity

-stimulates growth of blood vessels that supply increased nutrition to themselves

-invades local tissues and spreads to distant sites

-they follow abnormal metabolic pathways

-evades the body's immune defenses

which pets more commonly get cancer

dogs

true or false: middle aged to older and even younger animals can get cancer

true

which dog breeds are known as high-risk breeds for cancer

goldens and boxers

what types of cancers do golden retrievers and German Shepards commonly get

lymphoma, hemangiosarcoma; hemangiosarcoma

clinical signs of cancer

- swelling that persists or grows

-nonhealing wounds

-weight loss

-loss of appetite

-bleeding/ discharge from orifices

-reluctance to exercise or lethargy

-persistence lameness or stiffness

-difficulty breathing, urinating, or defecating

what is hypoglycemia

hepatic tumors, insulinoma (tumor of the pancreas), leiomyoma and leiomyosarcoma, diabetes in dogs/ puppies/kittens, can cause sepsis.

what is hypercalcemia

-lymphoma in cats and dogs

-apocrine gland adenocarcinoma of the anal sac in dogs

-squamous cell carcinoma in cats

-thymoma

-multiple myeloma

-parathyroid tumor

what is hyperproteinemia

-multiple myeloma

-lymphoma

-leukemia

what is a fever caused by

lymphoma, leukemia

minimum amount in lab work

-cbc

-chemistry panel (liver and kidney)

-urinalysis

true or false: does every patient get a urinalysis

true

cytology

-study of cells

-rarely requires sedation

-relatively easy to preform

-22G needle can 3ml to 6-12ml syringe

Histopathology

piece of tissue is submitted to a pathologist for a specific diagnosis

incisional biopsy

a piece of tumor is sampled and submitted

excisional biopsy

entire tumor is removed and submitted usually along with normal tissue surrounding area "evaluate the margins"

biopsy procedure includes

-tissue is submitted in formalin

-evaluation of specific tumor type as well as staging

-some are "graded" histologically can predict behavior

imaging includes

radiography, CT, ultrasound, MRI

radiography you will preform a

chest x-ray, VD 3 view chest, with 2 lateral views

what is a CT

A computed tomography; scan allows doctors to see inside your body. It uses a combination of X-rays and a computer to create pictures of your organs, bones, and other tissues. It shows more detail than a regular X-Ray

what does an Ultrasound look for

-abdominal lesions

-tumors

What does an MRI look for

-abnormalities in the brain

- tumors

-lesions

what is included in staging

-location and type of tumor

-tumor size and borders

-lymph node involvement (local & regional)

-presence of absence in metastasis and the location

tumors are classified by

tissue of origin

where do carcinomas come from

epithelial tissues such as skin, glands, mucus membranes

where do sarcomas come from

mesenchymal tissues such as bone, cartilage, connective tissue

osteosarcoma

tumor arising from the bone

lipoma

fatty tissue

adenoma vs adenocarcinoma

hemangioma (benign), hemangiosarcoma (malignant)

characteristics of a lymphoma in a cat

in the GI tract that is hard like a rope in the lining of the intestines

LSA dogs vs cats

dogs: common site is the lymph nodes, cats: most common site is in the GI tract. treatment options are surgical removal and adjunct therapy

What is MCT?

mast cell tumor, it swells when there is an increase in histamine and appears as a raised red spot

what do you need for an MCT grading

a biopsy, this determines what stages are presented, prognosis, and treatment

what surgery is recommended for mast cells that can be removed surgically?

surgical excision

true or false: all MCT can be removed surgically

false

what is the newer option for metastatic MCTs?

Stelfonta; an intratumoral injection for dogs that have MCT subcutaneously and cutaneous

true or false: some tumors require RT or chemotherapy in addition to surgery

true

OSA- osteosarcoma characteristics

-middle aged to older large breed dogs

-painful

-lameness (leg can fracture)

-often metabolizes to the lungs

-amputation, chemotherapy, radiation

-many owners euthanize due to prognosis/ metastasis

what species is melanoma most common in

canines

what species is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) most common in

cats

HSA- Hemangiosarcoma characteristics

-common in goldens, labs, German Shepards, and some other large breeds

-palpable, painful, pale, difficulty breathing

- ruptured spleen

- spleen, liver, cutaneous, subcutaneous, retropharyngeal, brain

- treatment and prognosis are dependent on location

common types of tumors

-sarcoma: firm, abrasive, non-movable, not readily shed cells

- Carcinomas: tumor of epithelial tissues, arise in many sites, mammary, TCC, SCC, anal sac sarcoma

TCC

Tumor of the bladder

What is the primary goal in vet med?

to maintain a good quality of life; quality of quantity

true or false: treatment is most successful when caught and treated early

true

surgery

-most likely to provide long term results

-not for all tumor types

-best for solitary, masses that haven't metastasized beyond primary site

-should be used in a combination with other treatments such as adjuvant therapy

Radiation Therapy- RT

-high-energy radiation that kills cancer cells and shrinks tumors

- damages DNA directly and indirectly (free radicals)

-can be primary form of treatment or in addition to others

-doesn't specifically target cancer cells

-consider risks of sedation

chemotherapy

-use of medicine or drugs to treat cancer

-injectable or oral

-used in different ways

-can be administered before definitive treatment to shrink tumor (neoadjuvant)

- used in addition to surgery and radiation (adjuvant therapy)

concerns with chemotherapy include:

-environmental contamination and occupational exposure to chemotherapy drug residues

-no known safe level of exposure

-chronic exposure can cause health problems

-PPE is essential

-CBC monitoring

-anemia/ neutrophil counts

-bone marrow suppression

chemo administration consideration

-consider a patient's temperament for vital safety of administration

-patient must be properly restrained

-specific treatment protocols must be followed

-vesicants cause severe tissue irritation

chemotherapy side effects

each one has its own unique effects and risks

common chemotherapy side effects found

-lethargy

-decreased appetite

-vomiting

-diarrhea

-anaphylaxis (severe, life threatening)

-ATLS (uncommon, tumor cells die rapidly in short time)

-neutropenia (seen the most)

ATLS

acute tumor lysis syndrome- uncommon, tumor cells die rapidly in short time, usually is fatal unless treated immediately

Neutropenia

nadir of the neutrophil count occurs approximately 5-7 days after administration of chemotherapy

-if the patient is febrile and depressed, hospitalize for systemic treatment and supportive care

-seen the most

NSAIDS for cats and dogs

cats: onsior, dogs: deramaxx, Rimadyl

Predinisone

higher dose of this can cause increased appetite

Piroxicam

this is a treatment for certain tumor types

different types of alternative therapies

-Yunnan Baiyao

-I'm-Yunity

-Rx clay

-Acupuncture

-nutritional management